BIOLOGY 225 FINAL EXAM
REVIEW
Chapter 1 The Microbial
World and You
- Match
individuals with their major contributions
- Know
the major contributions of the following:
o Edward
Jenner
o Robert
Koch
o Joseph
Lister
o Paul
Ehrlich
o Anton
Van Leeuwenhoek
o Pasteur
Chapter 2 Chemical
Principles
- Enzyme
structure and function
- Four
major classes of organic compounds
- pH
scale, formula
Chapter 4 Functional
Anatomy of Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells
- Prokaryotic
cell structure
- Functions
of cell components
- Bacterial
wall structure, especially peptidoglycan
- The
kinds of bacterial cell walls and their composition
- Cellular
transport mechanisms
- Endospores
- characteristics and functions
- The
structure and function of flagella, axial filament and pili
- Mycoplasmas
- The
fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane
- Ribosomes
in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
- How
the functions of the mitochondria and nucleus in eukaryotic cells are carried
out in prokaryotic cells
Chapter 5 Microbial
Metabolism
- Factors
which affect enzyme activity - be able to interpret graphs of temperature, pH,
and substrate concentration
- Energy
reserves available to a cell - what are they & how much energy do they
store?
- The
products of glycolysis
- The
final electron acceptors for
o Aerobic
respiration
o Anaerobic
respiration
o Fermentation
- Trace
a molecule of glucose through glycolysis, Krebs cycle and the electron
transport system giving the outcome products
- How
the electron transport system receives electrons
- How
protein synthesis inhibitors work
- Important
"products" of Krebs cycle
Chapter 6 Microbial Growth
- Classification
of organisms based on thermal preference, oxygen requirements, osmotic pressure
- Components
of culture media including characteristics of agar
- Types
of culture media - basic, enriched selective, differential, reducing
- Bacterial
growth curve
Chapter 7 The Control of
Microbial Growth
- Match
control methods with applications
- Which
methods sterilize and which methods control
- Interpret
a filter paper disk experiment - size/concentration
- Methods
used to kill endospores
- Methods
used to preserve bacteria
Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics
- The
nature of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic chromosome
- Define
Gene, genotype and phenotype on a molecular level
- DNA
structure and replication
- Mechanisms
for the transfer of DNA from one cell to another
- Mechanisms
of genetic change
- Match
complementary bases to form DNA, mRNA, tRNA, and sequence of amino acids (using
chart)
- start codon, stop codons
- Give
the functions of
o Reverse
transcriptase
o Restriction
enzyme
o DNA
polymerase
- Know
the series of events in protein synthesis
Chapter 9 Recombinant DNA
and Biotechnology
- The
definition of plasmid
- Recombinant
DNA techniques
o How
can they be used to produce human protein products?
Chapter 10 Classification
of Microorganisms
- The
five kingdoms
- The
three domains
- Microbes
that are obligate intracellular parasites.
Chapter 11 Bacteria
- General
characteristics of major prokaryotic groups
- Morphological
types of bacteria
- The
use of Bergeys Manual
- General
types: gm+, gm-, no cell wall, unusual cell walls
- Know
how this applies to: Staphylococcus aureus,
Streptococcus pyogenes, Mycoplasma, Bacillus
subtilis, Escherichia
coli, Archaebacteria
Chapter 12 Fungi, Algae,
Protozoa and Multicellular Parasites
- Transmission
of fungal, protozoan, and helminthic disease
- Major
characteristics of each of those groups
- Dimorphism
in fungi
Chapter 13 Viruses
- General
characteristics of viruses
- Specificity
of viral infections
- Culturing
techniques of viruses - the minimum requirements
- Bacteriophages
o Lytic
versus lysogenic cycles
- Retrovirus
replication - reverse transcriptase
- Slow
viral infection; latent viral infection
- Diseases
that may be caused by prions
- Oncogenic
viruses
- The
viruses that cause major diseases
- Why
influenza viruses are difficult to control
Chapter 14 Principles of
Disease and Epidemiology & Chapter 15 Microbial Mechanisms of Pathogenicity
- Koch's
postulates
- Types
of toxins
- How
to treat tetanus in the immunized person and the unimmunized person (hint
passive, active immunity)
- The
cause of botulism
- Virulence
factors
- Factors
of pathogenicity - invasiveness mechanisms versus toxin formation
- Viral
cytopathic effects
- Damage
by other parasites
- Portal
of entry/exit
- Reservoirs
of disease
- Carrier
state
- How
helminthic diseases are transmitted to humans
Chapter 16 Nonspecific
Defenses of the Host
- Active/passive
immunity
- The
role of normal flora in protecting against disease
- Match
factors with appropriate line of defense
- Types
of phagocytic cells
- Outcomes
of complement (fixation) reaction
- Define
o Cytopathic
effect
o Opsonization
Chapter 17 Specific
Defenses of the Host: The Immune Response
- Types
of immunity with examples
- Regions
of antibodies and their functions
- Types
of B and T cells and their functions
- Roles
of Macrophages, Plasma cells, Natural Killer Cells
- General
mechanisms of humoral and cellular immune response
- Anamnestic
response (memory cells)
Chapter 18 Practical
Applications of Immunology
- Types
of vaccines
- Microbial
material used in vaccines
Chapter 19 Disorders
Associated with the Immune System
- Type
of allergic reactions and their outcomes
- Antibodies
involved in the different kinds of allergic reactions
- Types
and examples of adverse reactions of the immune system
- Blood
typing reactions - ABO and Rh systems
Chapter 20 Antimicrobial
Drugs
- General
classification of chemotherapeutic agents
- Selective
toxicity
- Identify
the phase of the bacterial growth curve where an antibiotic would be most
effective
- Identify
the kinds of microbes on which antimicrobial agents work best
- How
drug resistance may be prevented/limited
Extra credit: Organism Identification. Give the genus and
species, spelled correctly, of the
organism that is most often associated with the given disease.