Biology 210
Final Exam Study Questions
1. Define: gross anatomy, cytology, histology, physiology.
2. Define negative feedback. List some examples & distinguish from positive feedback (blood clotting, labor contractions, etc.)
3. Distinguish among the pleura, pericardium & peritoneum (also distinguish between visceral & parietal layers).
4. Identify the major cavities within the dorsal, ventral & thoracic body cavities.
5. Identify the location of the nine abdominopelvic quadrants.
6. Distinguish among the following energy forms: chemical, electrical, mechanical & radiant.
7. Define: oxidation, reduction, endergonic reaction, exergonic reaction.
8. How does each of the following affect the rate of a chemical reaction: heat (also denaturation), particle size, concentration of reactant, enzymes?
9. Distinguish between organic molecules & inorganic molecules. What element(s) does every organic molecule contain?
10. Identify the building blocks (monomers) for forming: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
11. Distinguish among: monosaccharides, starch, cellulose.
12. What are the differences in structure between DNA & RNA?
13. Describe the composition & function of the plasma membrane. Distinguish among: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration.
14. List & briefly describe among the 3 components of the cytoskeleton.
15. Describe the function of: rough ER, smooth ER, peroxisomes.
16. What nucleic acids are stored in the nucleus & in what form?
17. Distinguish among the 3 stages of interphase & mitosis.
18. Distinguish among the stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase & telophase).
19. Define: transcription, translation, cytokinesis.
20. Describe the basic function of: mRNA, tRNA, rRNA.
21. Give a brief description & location for each of the epithelial tissue types.
22. Distinguish among the following connective tissue types: areolar, adipose, reticular, dense regular, dense irregular.
23. Identify the 3 types of cartilage & give a brief description of each.
24. List the 4 basic tissue types & indicate the major function of each.
25. Identify the major cell type(s) present in: blood, bone, cartilage, dense connective tissue.
26. Define: epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (subcutaneous layer).
27. Distinguish among the 4 cell types in the epidermis: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhansı cells & Merkel cells.
28. Briefly describe the location & composition of the 5 layers (strata) of skin. Which layer is only present in thick skin?
29. Distinguish among the primary 3 pigments contributing to skin color.
30. Distinguish among the following sweat gland types: eccrine, apocrine, ceruminous.
31. Define: sebaceous gland, hair follicle, cuticle (nail).
32. Define: compact bone, spongy bone, osteon, trabeculae.
33. Define: diaphysis, epiphysis, endosteum, periosteum.
34. Where does hematopoiesis specifically occur & in what bones? What is the difference between red & yellow bone marrow?
35. Define: osteon, central canal, canaliculi, lamellae. Are these found in spongy or compact bone?
36. What minerals are primarily found in bone?
37. What is the effect of the hormones parathyroid hormone (PTH) & calcitonin on blood calcium?
38. Distinguish among: osteomalacia, osteoporosis, Pagetıs disease.
39. Identify the number of bones & major bone groups in the axial & appendicular skeletons.
40. Distinguish among: long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones & sesamoid bones & give an example of each.
41. Distinguish among the cranial bones & sutures.
42. Distinguish among the facial bones.
43. Know the numbers of cervical, thoracic & lumbar vertebrae.
44. Identify the bones with special features (non-articulating, articulating with all bones of a region, only movable bone of skull, etc.)
45. Distinguish among the shoulder bones.
46. Distinguish among the hip bones.
47. Distinguish among the features of the humerus & femur.
48. Know the numbers of carpals, tarsals, metacarpals & metatarsals & phalanges.
49. Distinguish among the tarsals.
50. Distinguish among the lower arm bones & lower leg bones.
51. Distinguish among synarthroses, diarthroses & amphiarthroses.
52. Distinguish among syndesmoses, gomphoses, synchondroses, symphyses. Give an example of each.
53. Distinguish among the movements from synovial joints.
54. Distinguish among the types of synovial joints: plane, hinge, pivot, ball & socket. Give an example of each.
55. Distinguish among the types of muscle: smooth, skeletal, cardiac.
56. Define: sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcomere, sarcoplasmic reticulum.
57. Identify the components of thin & thick filaments.
58. Give the function in muscle contraction of: acetylcholine, tropomyosin, TnC, myosin.
59. Distinguish among the 3 sources of energy (ATP) for muscle cells.
60. Distinguish among the facial muscles.
61. Distinguish among the abdominal wall muscles & chest muscles.
62. Distinguish among the back muscles & breathing muscles.
63. Distinguish among the upper arm muscles.
64. Distinguish among the lower arm muscles.
65. Distinguish among the upper leg muscles.
66. Distinguish among the lower leg muscles.
Chapter 11
67. Distinguish between the central & peripheral nervous system & sensory & motor divisions of PNS.
68. Distinguish among the somatic, autonomic & sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions of PNS.
69. Distinguish among the neuroglia of the central nervous system: astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes.
70. Define: cell body (soma), Nissl body, neurofibril, dendrite, axon.
71. Define: myelin sheath, neurilemma, node of Ranvier, gray & white matter.
72. Distinguish among the classes of neurotransmitters.
73. Know the components of the brain stem & diencephalon.
74. Identify the 5 cerebral lobes & the position of each.
75. Distinguish among the following motor areas of the cerebral cortex (function & possible results of damage): primary motor cortex, premotor cortex, Brocaıs area.
76. Know the components of the basal nuclei & midbrain.
77. Identify the position & function of: hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, reticular formation.
78. Distinguish among the 3 layers of the meninges.
79. What structural regions make up the gray matter & white matter of the spinal cord?
80. Distinguish between somatic & autonomic reflexes (voluntary/involuntary response & tissues involved)?
81. Distinguish among sensory, motor & mixed nerves.
82. Identify the total number of spinal nerves & the number of spinal nerves in each of the following regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral & coccygeal.
83. What regions of the body are served by the following nerve plexuses: cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral.
84. Distinguish among the 12 cranial nerves (sensory function).
85. Distinguish among the 12 cranial nerves (motor function).
86. Distinguish among the 5 types of sensory receptors (classified by stimulus type): mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors, photoreceptors, chemoreceptors, nociceptors.
87. Which receptor type is involved in: smell, taste, vision, hearing?
88. Define: nerve, ganglion.
89. What are the basic effects on the body of activation of the: sympathetic ANS division, parasympathetic ANS division?
90. Distinguish between the somatic & autonomic nervous systems with respect to: effectors, # of motor neurons to effector, & neurotransmitters used.
91. Identify the relative ganglia location & fiber length for pre- & post-ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic & parasympathetic ANS divisions.
92. Identify the neurotransmitter used by pre- & postgangionic neurons in the sympathetic & parasympathetic ANS divisions.
Chapter 15
93. Distinguish among the 4 types of tongue papillae (location on tongue & taste sensed by each.
94. Identify the region served (portion of tongue, epiglottis or pharynx) by each of the cranial nerves involved with taste: facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus.
95. Distinguish among: sclera, cornea, choroid, retina.
96. Identify the function in vision of: iris, ciliary body.
97. Describe the relationship between: retina, rods, cones, fovea centralis.
98. What is the primary cause of color blindness?
99. List the components of the 3 ear regions: outer ear, middle ear, inner ear. Where is the tympanic membrane with respect to these ear regions? Where is endolymph located?
100. Identify the sensory receptors (name & location) for: hearing, static equilibrium, rotational equilibrium.