Study Questions Exam 2
1. List the four basic tissue types and identify the general composition & function of each type.
Cell Junctions
2. What type of molecules form the junctions in: desmosomes; tight junctions; gap junctions.
3. What is the function of each of the above junctions (what cell types use them & why)?
Epithelial Tissue
4. Define: endocrine gland; exocrine. Which type of gland releases hormones into the blood? What are some of the products of exocrine glands?
5. Define: merocrine gland; holocrine gland; tubular gland; alveolar gland.
6. Identify the basic characteristics shared by all epithelial tissues. What is a basement membrane?
7. Identify the general structure (cell types), location & function for the following epithelial tissues: simple squamous epithelial tissue; simple cuboidal epithelial tissue; simple columnar epithelial tissue.
8. Identify the general structure (cell types), location & function for the following epithelial tissues: pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue; stratified squamous epithelial tissue; transitional epithelial tissue.
Connective Tissue
9. Identify the connective tissue from which all connective tissue types are formed. What cell type composes this epithelial tissue?
10. List the 3 common fiber types in connective tissue & describe the basic characteristics of each. Define ground substance.
11. Identify the general structure (cell types and fibers), location & function for the following connective tissues: areolar connective tissue; adipose connective tissue; reticular connective tissue; elastic connective tissue.
12. Identify the general structure (cell types and fibers), location & function for the following connective tissues: dense regular connective tissue; dense irregular connective tissue.
13. Identify the general structure (cell types and fibers), location & function for the following connective tissues: hyaline cartilage; elastic cartilage; fibrocartilage.
14. Define the following with respect to cartilage: appositional growth; interstitial growth. How does cartilage differ from bone?
15. Identify the general structure (cell types and fibers), location & function for the following connective tissues: bone; blood.
16. Briefly describe & indicate where you might find each of the following membranes in the body: epithelial membrane; mucous membrane; serous membrane; synovial membrane.
Muscle Tissue
17. Identify the general structure, location & function for the following muscle tissues: smooth muscle; skeletal muscle; cardiac muscle.
18. For each of the above muscle types, indicate any unique features & whether it is under voluntary or involuntary control.
Nervous Tissue
19. Identify the location & general function of nervous tissue. What cell types are found within nervous tissue?
Skin Structure
20. Identify the 2 layers of skin. What is the general tissue composition of each layer?
21. What is the location & composition of the subcutaneous layer?
22. Identify the 4 principal cell types of the epidermis. What is the general location & function of each cell type within the epidermis? Which is the predominant cell type?
23. Identify the 5 strata of the epidermis. Know the order of the 5 layers from top (most superficial) to bottom (deepest).
24. Define: thin skin; thick skin. Which stratum is only present in thick skin?
25. Define: keratohyaline granules; lamellar granules. Which stratum contains these granules?
26. Identify the 2 regions of the dermis. Which layer is most superficial? What is the general tissue composition of each layer?
27. Define: dermal papillae; Meissnerıs corpuscles; epidermal ridges.
28. Identify the 3 primary pigments of skin. What is the source of each pigment?
Accessory Structures of Skin
29. Identify the structure, function & location of: eccrine sweat glands; apocrine sweat glands. What are the major components of sweat?
30. Where are ceruminous glands located? What is their product & what is its function?
31. Where are sebaceous glands located? What is their product & what is its function?
32. Define the following terms associated with hair: hair follicle; hair root; hair matrix; arrector pili muscle. What pigment produces the color of hair?
33. Define the following terms associated with nails: nail root; nail body; nail matrix; cuticle; lunula.
Functions of the Skin
34. Describe how skin carries out the following functions: protection; excretion & absorption.
35. Where is the thermoregulatory center in the brain & how does it regulate heat loss & heat promotion?
36. Identify 3 cutaneous sensory receptors & give the location & function of each.
37. What is vitamin D made from & how is it activated in skin? What is the function of vitamin D?
Homeostatic Imbalances of Skin
38. Describe the process of wound healing in skin (what needs to be repaired & briefly how is it accomplished?). What is inflammation & what is its purpose?
39. Distinguish among the 3 major types of skin cancer.
40. Distinguish among the 4 types of burns.
Functions & Structure of Bone
41. Identify the major functions of bone.
42. Define: compact bone; spongy bone.
43. Define: diaphysis; epiphysis; epiphyseal line.
44. Define: periosteum; endosteum; Sharpeyıs fibers.
Histology of Bone Tissue
45. Identify the 4 major cell types in bone & the function of each.
46. How is the structure of short & flat bones different from that of long bones?
47. Define: red bone marrow; yellow bone marrow. Where is bone marrow located?
48. Define hematopoiesis; erythropoiesis; leukopoiesis. Where does hematopoiesis occur?
49. Define: osteon; trabeculae; lamellae; canaliculi.
50. Define: central canal; perforating (Volkmannıs) canal; nutrient foramen.
51. Describe the cellular & chemical composition of bone (What materials are necessary to make bone tissue?).
Bone Formation, Growth & Remodeling
52. Define: intramembranous ossification; endochondral ossification. Which bones are formed from each type of growth?
53. Define: longitudinal growth; appositional growth. Describe the process of bone deposit & bone resorption in bone remodeling.
54. Identify the 2 hormones that control blood calcium levels. For each hormone indicate where it is produced and how it affects blood calcium levels.
Bone Homeostasis & Bone Disorders
55. Describe: displaced vs. nondisplaced fracture; complete vs. incomplete fracture; open (compound) vs. closed (simple) fracture.
56. Describe the process of fracture repair... define: reduction; hematoma;... what type of cartilage is first produced to repair the bone?
57. Distinguish among the following bone disorders: osteomalacia; rickets; osteoporosis; Pagetıs disease.
58. What is the general treatment for bone disorders involving reduced bone density?
59. Identify the 2 major divisions of the skeleton. How many bones are located within each division. Identify the major bone groups within each division.
60. Distinguish among & give an example of bones of the following types: long bones; short bones; flat bones; sesamoid bones; irregular bones.
61. Define: foramen; meatus. What is the general function of openings in bones?
62. Define: condyle; tubercle. What is the general function of processes in bones?
The Axial Skeleton: The Skull
63. List the 8 cranial bones. List the 14 facial bones.
64. Identify the location & major features of the following cranial bones: frontal bone; parietal bone; temporal bone; occipital bone.
65. Identify the location & major features of the following cranial bones: ethmoid bone; sphenoid bone.
66. Give the function of the following bone features: foramen magnum; occipital condyles; sella turcica; nasal conchae?
67. Identify the location of the following facial bones: nasal bones; palatine bones; inferior nasal conchae; vomer.
68. Identify the location & major features of the following facial bones: maxillae; zygomatic bones; lacrimal bones; mandible.
69. Identify the skull bones that compose the: nasal septum; orbits.
70. Identify the location of the 4 major cranial sutures (which bones are joined by each?).
71. Identify the bones that contain paranasal sinuses.
72. Identify the bone(s) of the axial skeleton with the following features: no articulations with other bones; articulations with all cranial bones; movable.
The Axial Skeleton: Vertebral Column
73. List the 3 types of vertebrae and the number of each type. Which 2 bones are composed of fused vertebrae forming the inferior aspect of the vertebral column?
74. Define intervertebral disc. List the features present in each vertebra.
75. How many normal curvatures are present in the vertebral column? In which regions are they located?
76. Identify the name & function of the first 2 cervical vertebrae. What is the dens?
The Axial Skeleton: Thorax
77. Give the total number of: total ribs; true ribs; false ribs; floating ribs.
78. Identify the location & major features of the sternum. Which ribs connect directly with the sternum? How?
79. What type of vertebrae articulate with the ribs posteriorly?
80. List the names of the auditory ossicles present in each ear. What is their function?
The Appendicular Skeleton: The Pectoral Girdle
81. Identify the bones that compose the pectoral girdle. Give the location & list the major features of each.
The Appendicular Skeleton: The Upper Limb Bones
82. Identify the upper arm bone. List the major features of this bone. Identify the lower arm bone that articulates with the: trochlea; capitulum.
83. Identify the lower arm bones. List the major features of each bone. Which bone is: lateral (thumb side); medial (pinky side)?
84. How many carpals are in each arm? Know the names & relative locations of the carpal bones.
85. Give the location & number of metacarpals in each arm. Give the location & number of phalanges in each arm.
The Appendicular Skeleton: The Pelvic Girdle
86. Identify the 3 bones that compose the pelvic girdle. Give the location & list the major features of each. What is the name given to the 3 fused bones together?
The Appendicular Skeleton: The Lower Limb Bones
87. Identify the upper leg bone. List the major features of this bone.
88. Identify the lower leg bones. List the major features of each bone. Which bone is: lateral; medial?
89. How many tarsals are in each leg? Know the names & relative locations of the tarsal bones.
90. Identify the: kneecap bone; heel bone. Which tarsal articulates with the lower leg bones?