1. Which organs compose the GI tract? What are the accessory organs of digestion?
2. What is peristalsis & in which organs does it occur?
3. What is the peritoneum? Which organs are retroperitoneal?
4. What are the 4 layers of the wall of the GI tract?
5. Identify the function of: uvula, tongue papillae.
6. Identify the 3 extrinsic salivary glands.
7. Give the location & function of: cardiac sphincter, pyloric sphincter.
8. What is the major function of the stomach? What are rugae?
9. Identify the product(s) secreted by the: parietal cells, chief cells, G cells.
10. What is the major function of the small intestine?
11. Identify the 3 subdivisions of the small intestine. Which subdivision is the point of entry of bile & pancreatic juice?
12. What are hepatocytes & what is their function in digestion (what product do they secrete)?
13. Identify the cause of & organ affected by the following disorders: gastric ulcer, hepatitis, cirrhosis, food poisoning.
14. What are the 2 primary components of bile & what are they made from?
15. What is stored in the gallbladder? What is the function of CCK?
16. What is the major function of the pancreas in digestion (what product does the pancreas release & what enzymes are present)?
17. What is the major function of the large intestine?
18. Identify the subdivisions of the large intestine.
19. Which vitamins are: water-soluble, fat-soluble, antioxidants?
20. Identify the major function of: vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin K, iodine, iron.
21. Identify the location of the: renal hilum, renal capsule, renal cortex, renal medulla, renal pelvis.
22. Where are the renal columns & renal pyramids located?
23. What is a nephron & what are its components? What is a glomerulus?
24. What is the function of the: ureters, urinary bladder, urethra?
25. What is the epithelium found in the mucosa of the ureters & urinary bladder? Where is the detrusor muscle?
26. What is the function of the : internal urethral sphincter, external urethral sphincter?
27. What is the direction of molecule flow in tubular reabsorption & tubular secretion (blood (capillaries)->tubules or tubules->blood)?
28. Identify the major molecules that are primarily reabsorbed (see tubular reabsorption)? Which molecules are secreted (see nonreabsorbed substances)?
29. What is the function of aldosterone & ADH (what does each reabsorb)?
30. What is the effect on blood pressure of: aldosterone, ADH, ANP (for aldosterone & ADH, remember that if water is reabsorbed, blood pressure increases)?
31. Identify the major function in the body of the following ions: sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, calcium.
32. What is the normal blood pH range? What are acidosis & alkalosis?
33. What is the function of a buffer? What is the primary blood buffer? What other cellular molecules act as a buffer?
34. What are the gonads in males & females & what cell type does each produce?
35. What is the function of the muscles of the scrotum?
36. Where in the testes does spermatogenesis occur? In which step of apermatogenesis is the chromosome number reduced?
37. What is spermiogenesis? What is the function of the acrosome & flagellum?
38. What hormone is produced by the interstitial cells?
39. What is the function of the: epididymis, ductus deferens?
40. What is the function (product secreted) of the: seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands?
41. What is the function in semen of: fructose, prostaglandins?
42. How does nitric oxide affect the erectile tissue of the penis?
43. Which endocrine gland releases: GnRH, FSH & LH? What cell type releases: testosterone, inhibin?
44. What is the function of FSH & LH in the male reproductive system?
45. Where does oogenesis arrest in: primary oocytes, secondary oocytes? What is the signal for secondary oocytes to complete meiosis?
46. What cells are the end result of complete oogenesis? How many functional gametes are produced? Which cell is the functional gamete?
47. What is the major function of the: uterine tubes, uterus, vagina?
48. What is the function of the fimbriae of the uterine tube?
49. Which portion of the uterus projects into the vagina?
50. What are the 3 layers of the wall of the uterus? Which layer of the endometrium undergoes cyclic changes in its thickness with the uterine cycle?
51. What type of epithelium is located within the vagina? Is the normal pH of the vagina acidic, basic or neutral & why?
52. What is the product of the mammary glands & what type of gland composes them?
53. When does ovulation normally occur in the ovarian cycle? What is the corpus luteum & what is ita function?
54. What is the function of FSH & LH in the ovarian cycle? What stimulates secondary oocyte formation & ovulation?
55. What is the major event & number of days associated with: menstrual phase, proliferative phase, secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
56. What is the causative agent (viral or bacterial) for: gonorrhea, syphilis, chlamydia, genital warts, genital herpes?
57. What is fertilization & what is the cell that results called?
58. What are the protective coverings on the oocyte that must be broken down for sperm to gain entry?
59. Define: cleavage, implantation. What is the function of hCG released following fertilization?
60. Define: gestation period, embryo, fetus.
61. What is the primary function of: amnion, yolk sac, allantois? Where are the first blood cells produced?
62. What 2 tissue types does the placenta arise from? What is the function of the: chorionic villi, umbilical cord?
63. What is the function of oxytocin & prostaglandins during childbirth?
64. Define: crowning, vertex presentation, breech presentation, Caesarian (C) section.
65. What is the function of prolactin & oxytocin during lactation?