Biology 110

Study Questions Exam 4

 

Chapter 11

 

1. What is the normal pH range for blood?
2. What is a hematocrit?
3. What is the primary function of red blood cells (erythrocytes)?
4. Where is hemoglobin found & what is its function?
5. Where does the breakdown of red blood cells occur? What happens to the heme, iron & globin components of hemoglobin when a red blood cell is broken down?
6. Define: anemia; polycythemia.
7. Describe the primary function of each of the white blood cells (leukocytes).
8. Which of the leukocytes is most abundant & least abundant in blood?
9. Define: leukemia; mononucleosis.
10. Where does blood cell synthesis occur? What is the starting (stem) cell? What is a reticulocyte?
11. Define plasma. List the protein components of plasma & briefly describe their functions.
12. What is hemostasis? What is the function in hemostasis of: thrombin; fibrin; vitamin K?
13. Define: hemophilia; thrombus; embolus.
14. What are ABO blood group antigens & Rh antigen? Which blood group antigens are present on blood cells with types: A, B, AB, O?
15. Which blood type is the: universal donor; universal recipient?

 

Chapter 12

 

16. What is the pericardium & what are its layers?
17. What are the 3 layers of the heart wall & where is each layer located? Which layer contains the cardiac muscle tissue?
18. What is the function of the: right atrium; left atrium; right ventricle; left ventricle (what vessels does each atrium receive blood from & what vessels does each ventricle pump blood into)?
19. Define: papillary muscles; chordae tendineae.
20. Describe the location & function of the: bicuspid valve; tricuspid valve; aortic semilunar valve; pulmonary semilunar valve.
21. Trace the path of blood through the heart.
22. Define: heart rate; stroke volume; systole; diastole.
23. Trace the sequence of excitation in the heart from atria to ventricles. Where are the primary pacemaker cells located?
24. What is an EKG & what does it measure?
25. What region of the brain has primary control over heartbeat regulation? Is heart rate increased or decreased by: sympathetic division of ANS; parasympathetic division of ANS? What are baroreceptors?
26. Define: atherosclerosis; arteriosclerosis; myocardial infarct; stroke.
27. What are the 3 layers of blood vessel walls & where is each located?
28. Describe the primary function of: arteries; veins; capillaries.
29. Define: precapillary sphincter; venous valves.
30. Describe the region served by: common carotid arteries; circle of Willis; subclavian arteries; common iliac arteries; jugular veins; hepatic portal vein.
31. Define: coronary circulation; coronary sinus.
32. What is the function of the pulmonary circuit bypasses & where are they located?
33. Describe the function of the umbilical arteries & veins.
34. How are pulse & blood pressure measured?
35. Identify the blood pressure ranges for: arterial blood pressure; capillary blood pressure; venous blood pressure.
36. Would each of the following increase or decrease blood pressure: epinephrine; aldosterone; ADH; ANP.

 

Chapter 13

 

37. What are the primary functions of the lymphatic system?
38. Where are lymphatic capillaries located? Where do they return fluid to the blood (which vessels)?
39. What are the primary functions of the spleen? What is red pulp & white pulp?
40. What is the primary function of lymph nodes? What is a germinal center?
41. Where are the following lymphatic organs located: tonsils located (generally); spleen; thymus; appendix?
42. What is the primary function of the thymus? What hormone does it produce?
43. What are the barriers to entry of the innate immune system.
44. What are the 4 primary signs of inflammation?
45. Describe the function in inflammation of: mast cells; basophils; neutrophils.
46. Define: complement; interferon.
47. Define: antigen; T lymphocyte; B lymphocyte; plasma cell.
48. What is the basic role of: IgD; IgM; IgG; IgA; IgE?
49. What is the basic role of: cytotoxic T cells; helper T cells?
50. What is the difference between active & passive immunikty? Give 1 example of each.
51. Briefly describe the cause of: allergies; tissue rejection; autoimmune diseases; immunodeficiencies.
52. Which antibody mediates the allergic response? Which T cell class is destroyed by HIV?

 

Chapter 14

 

53. Define: pulmonary ventilation; external respiration; internal respiration.
54. What is the role of: olfactory mucosa; nasal conchae; paranasal sinuses?
55. What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?
56. Define: uvula; glottis; epiglottis; thyroid cartilage.
57. Where are the vocal cords located?
58. What tissue types are present in the trachea?
59. Trace the pathway of air form the nasal cavity to the alveoli of the lungs.
60. What are the differences between the left & right lungs?
61. Define: respiratory membrane; alveoli (alveolar cells); surfactant.
62. Where is the pleura located & what is its function?
63. Where is the respiratory center in the brain?
64. What are the primary muscles used during normal breathing?
65. What is the relationship between volume & pressure in the lungs that controls breathing?