Study Questions Final Exam
Chapter 20: Classification of Living Things
1. Define taxonomy. What is binomial nomenclature? Give an example.
2. List the 7 categories of classification in order, from most to least inclusive.
3. Define: homologous structure; analogous structure; convergent evolution; parallel evolution.
4. List the 5 kingdoms of living things. Give an example of an organism in each kingdom. List the 3 domains of living things.
Chapter 24: Evolution & Diversity of Plants
17. Describe the basic differences between nonvascular plants, vascular plants & seed plants.
18. Distinguish among the different phyla (divisions) of nonvascular plants (basic characteristics of each group). List 3 characteristics all nonvascular plants have in common.
19. What is the function of: xylem, phloem, cuticle, stomata?
20. What is the basic difference between gymnosperms & angiosperms? To which phylum (division) do angiosperms belong?
21. Briefly describe the function of: roots; stems; leaves. What is the shoot of a plant?
22. Compare the following characteristics of monocots & eudicots: number of cotyledons, root & stem vascular tissue structure, leaf venation, number of flower parts, number of apertures in pollen grain.
23. Define: vascular cylinder; vascular bundle; pericycle. What is the difference in appearance of vascular tissue in monocot & dicot roots & stems?
24. Define: blade; petiole; upper & lower epidermis; palisade mesophyll; spongy mesophyll.
Chapter 26: Nutrition and Transport in Plants
25. Describe the role of the following plant nutrients: carbon dioxide; water; oxygen. What is hydroponics?
26. Describe the 3 particles in soil. Define: loam; humus.
27. Briefly describe the structure of a stoma. Where are stomata located (plant tissue, & in monocots & dicots)?
28. What is the function of phloem? What factors drive movement of material through phloem?
Chapter 27: Control of Growth and Responses in Plants
29. Define: tropism; phototropism; gravitropism; thigmotropism.
30. Describe the general function of: auxin; gibberellins; cytokinins; abscisic acid; ethylene.
31. Define: senescence; dormancy; abscission.
32. Which of the plant hormones regulates each of the above processes? Which hormone is a gas involved in fruit ripening?
Chapter 28: Reproduction in Plants
33. Define: sporophyte; gametophyte; zygote; microspore; megaspore.
34. Describe the process of double fertilization in angiosperms. How are the zygote & endosperm formed?
35. Define: epicotyl; hypocotyl; radicle; germination.
36. Define fruit & distinguish between a simple & compound fruit. Briefly describe & give an example of: legume; fleshy fruit; accessory fruit; aggregate fruit; multiple fruit.
Chapter 29: Introduction to Invertebrates
37. Identify the 3 tissue layers in animals. Which layer is necessary for an organ level of organization?
38. Define: coelomate; acoelomate; pseudocoelomate. Which of these includes the protostomes & deuterostomes?
39. For sponges & cnidarians list the: phylum; type of symmetry; highest level of organization; nutritional strategy.
40. Identify the 3 major classes of flatworms and the major organisms belonging to each class. Which of the classes includes primarily parasitic species?
41. For protostomes and deuterostomes, describe: cleavage type; structure associated with blastopore; type of coelom. Which groups of organisms belong to each?
42. Identify the 4 major classes of mollusks and the major organisms belonging to each class.
43. Identify the 3 major classes of annelids and the major organisms belonging to each class. What is hirudin & which class/organism uses it?
44. Identify the major subphyla, superclasses & classes of arthropods. Give an example of an organism in each group.
Chapter 31: The Deuterostomes
45. What are the four basic chordate characteristics? What does each become in adult vertebrates?
46. Identify the class for sharks, rays & skates. What is the common name for this class & why is it used? Identify the class for ray-finned (common) fish.
47. Identify 4 common groups of reptiles. Identify the class for birds.
48. Define: monotremes; marsupials; placental mammals. Give an example of each.
49. List the 4 major tissue types & briefly describe the function of each.
50. Briefly describe & identify the major cell type(s) found within the following connective tissues: fibrous connective tissue; cartilage; bone; blood; adipose tissue.
51. Distinguish among the 3 major muscle types: skeletal muscle; smooth muscle; cardiac muscle. Use the following characteristics: voluntary/involuntary; striated/nonstriated; location.
52. Give the location and function of the following in skin: keratin; melanocytes; sebaceous glands; sweat glands; sensory receptors.
Chapter34: Circulation
53. List 2 organisms or groups of organisms in each of the following categories: no circulatory system; open circulatory system; closed circulatory system.
54. Give the function of the following in circulation: arteries; veins; capillaries.
55. List the complete pathway of blood through the heart (from superior & inferior vena cava through aorta)... this will also be an extra credit question.
56. Identify the function of the following in blood: erythrocytes; leukocytes; platelets.
Chapter 35 Lymph Transport and Immunity
57. What are the 3 major functions of the lymphatic system?
58. Identify the function (& structure if applicable) of the following antibody classes: IgG; IgM; IgA; IgD; IgE.
59. Define: helper T cell; cytotoxic T cell; memory T cell; antigen-presenting cell. Which cell type releases cytokines? Which cell type is infected by HIV?
60. What are the 4 blood types? What antigen is responsible for + and - in blood types? Which blood type is: universal donor; universal acceptor?
61. Define: herbivore; carnivore; omnivore; grazer.
62. Give the function in digestion of: pharynx; esophagus; stomach; small intestine; large intestine.
63. Give the function in digestion of: salivary glands; liver; gallbladder; pancreas.
64. Give the source & primary function of the following vitamins: vitamin A; B vitamins; vitamin C; vitamin D; vitamin K. What is an antioxidant & which vitamins function as antioxidants?
Chapter 37: Respiration
65. Give an example of an organism using each of the following respiratory mechanisms: diffusion across skin/body surface; gills; tracheae; lungs with positive pressure; lungs with negative pressure. What is the difference between complete & incomplete ventilation?
66. Identify the location & function of the following: diaphragm; uvula; epiglottis; vocal cords; alveoli.
67. Briefly describe the structure & function of hemoglobin. In what cell type is hemoglobin found?
68. Distinguish among the following respiratory tract disorders: strept throat; pneumonia; tuberculosis; chronic bronchitis; emphysema; asthma.
69. What are the major ions animals retain in body fluids? By what mechanism is water retained & excreted by animals?
70. Distinguish among the following waste products: ammonia; urea; uric acid. Which is: most toxic; most soluble in water?
71. Identify the excretory structures/organs used by the following animals: planaria; earthworms; insects; mammals.
72. For the following hormones, indicate their site of synthesis, site of release & function: aldosterone; antidiuretic hormone (ADH); atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH).
73. Define the following neuron parts: cell body; dendrites; axon; myelin sheath.
74. Identify the structure & function of the following cells: motor neuron; sensory neuron; interneuron; Schwann cell.
75. Identify the major regions of the diencephalon. anb brain stem. What is the primary function of each?
76. What is the primary function of the: cerebrum; cerebellum; limbic system?
77. Identify the major endocrine glands of the human endocrine system.
78. Distinguish between amino-acid based & steroid hormones. What molecule is used to synthesize steroid hormones?
79. Identify the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary & posterior pituitary. Give the basic function for each hormone.
80. Identify the hormone(s) produced by the: adrenal medulla; pancreas; pineal gland. Give the basic function for each hormone.