Study Questions Exam 5
1. What are the major ions animals retain in body fluids? By what mechanism is water retained & excreted by animals?
2. How is salt regulated by the following aquatic animals: sharks; marine bony fishes; freshwater bony fishes?
3. Describe how are terrestrial animals able to maintain adequate water (what structures & adaptations prevent water loss?).
4. What type of waste is produced by amino acid & nucleic acid metabolism? What chemical group is removed from each?
5. Distinguish among the following waste products: ammonia; urea; uric acid. Which is: most toxic; most soluble in water?
6. Identify the major nitrogenous waste produced by the following animal groups: bony fishes & aquatic invertebrates; terrestrial amphibians & mammals; insects, reptiles & birds.
7. Identify the excretory structures/organs used by the following animals: planaria; earthworms; insects; mammals.
8. Where are the kidneys located in humans?
9. Identify the location of the following in the human kidney: renal cortex; renal medulla; renal pelvis; nephrons.
10. Identify the parts of the nephron. Trace the pathway of filtrate through a nephron.
11. Trace the pathway of blood through a human kidney.
12. Define: glomerular filtration; tubular reabsorption; tubular secretion.
13. What molecules in the filtrate are primarily reabsorbed? What molecules are generally secreted?
14. Describe the movement of salt & water from the tubules? Which part of the tubules is impermeable to water?
15. For the following hormones, indicate their site of synthesis, site of release & function: aldosterone; antidiuretic hormone (ADH); atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH).
16. What is the function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system? What is the function of angiotensin II?
17. What are the two ions regulated by the kidneys to control blood pH? Which ion is excreted when the blood is too acidic? too alkaline?
18. Describe the nervous system of: sponges; cnidarians; planaria; annelids.
19. Identify the general function of the three embryonic brain regions: forebrain; midbrain; hindbrain.
20. Describe the organization of the human nervous system (central & peripheral nervous systems & divisions).
21. Define the following neuron parts: cell body; dendrites; axon.
22. What is the myelin sheath composed of & what is its function?
23. Identify the structure & function of the following classes of neuron: motor neuron; sensory neuron; interneuron.
24. What is the normal resting potential of a neuron?
25. Define: depolarization; repolarization; hyperpolarization.
26. Define: action potential; refractory period; saltatory conduction; integration.
27. Define: synapse; neurotransmitter. What are some common neurotransmitters?
28. Identify the protective coverings of the brain & spinal cord. What is cerebrospinal fluid & where is it generally located?
29. Define: gray matter; white matter.
30. Define: cerebrum; cerebral cortex; corpus callosum.
31. Identify the 4 lobes occupying the cerebral cortex. What is the primary function of each?
32. Identify the major regions of the diencephalon. What is the primary function of each?
33. What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
34. Identify the major regions of the brain stem. What is the primary function of each?
35. Identify the major regions of the limbic system. What is the primary function of each?
36. How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? spinal nerves?
37. Distinguish between the function of the somatic & autonomic nervous systems.
38. Distinguish between the components & function of the sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
39. Define: pheromone; hormone.
40. Identify the major endocrine glands of the human endocrine system.
41. Distinguish between amino-acid based & steroid hormones. What molecule is used to synthesize steroid hormones?
42. Which hormones are structurally classified as steroid hormones?
43. Describe the mechanism of action of: amino acid-based hormones; steroid hormones.
44. Identify the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary & their basic functions.
45. Identify the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary & their basic functions. Where are these hormones produced?
46. What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
47. Identify the hormones produced by the thyroid gland & their basic functions.
48. Identify the hormone produced by the parathyroid gland & its basic function.
49. Identify the hormone classes produced by the adrenal cortex & their basic functions. Give an example of a hormone within each class.
50. Identify the hormones produced by the adrenal medulla & their basic functions.
51. Identify the hormones produced by the pancreas & their basic functions.
52. Identify the hormones produced by the gonads & their basic functions.
53. Identify the hormone produced by the pineal gland & its basic function.
54. Identify the hormones produced by the thymus & their basic function.
55. Identify the hormone implicated with each of the following disorders: pituitary dwarfism; Graves' disease; diabetes mellitus; diabetes insipidus.