Study Questions Exam 4
1. List the 4 major tissue types & briefly describe the function of each
2. Distinguish among squamous, cuboidal & columnar epithelia & give an example of where each can be found in the body. Distinguish among simple, pseudostratified and stratified epithelia.
3. Define: exocrine gland; endocrine gland.
4. Define: tight junction; adhesion junction; gap junction.
5. Give a brief description and location in the body for the following connective tissues: loose fibrous connective tissue; adipose tissue; reticular connective tissue; blood.
6. Give a brief description and location in the body for the following connective tissues: dense fibrous connective tissue; cartilage; bone.
7. Identify the major cell type(s) found within the following connective tissues: fibrous connective tissue; cartilage; bone; blood.
8. Distinguish among the 3 major muscle types: skeletal muscle; smooth muscle; cardiac muscle. Use the following characteristics: voluntary/involuntary; striated/nonstriated; location.
9. Give the function of the following parts of a neuron: dendrites; cell body; axon.
10. Give the function of the following neuroglial cells: microglial cells; astrocytes; oligodendrocytes.
11. Identify the 2 layers of skin. What is the function of the subcutaneous layer?
12. Give the location and function of the following in skin: keratin; melanocytes; sebaceous glands; sweat glands; sensory receptors.
13. Give the location and major organs found within the following body cavities: dorsal cavity; ventral cavity; thoracic cavity; abdominal cavity.
14. Define: homeostasis; negative feedback; positive feedback.
15. Where is the regulatory center for body temperature located in the brain? List 2 reactions of the body used for each of the following: heat loss; heat gain.
Chapter34: Circulation
16. List 2 organisms or groups of organisms in each of the following categories: no circulatory system; open circulatory system; closed circulatory system.
17. Give the function of the following in circulation: arteries; veins; capillaries.
18. Identify the number of heart chambers in the following organisms: fish; amphibians; reptiles; crocodiles; birds; mammals.
19. Define: myocardium; pericardium; endocardium.
20. Define: atria; ventricles; valves; chordae tendineae.
21. Give the heart location of each of the following valves: tricuspid valve; bicuspid valve; pulmonary semilunar valve; aortic semilunar valve.
22. List the complete pathway of blood through the heart (from superior & inferior vena cava through aorta)... this will also be an extra credit question.
23. Define: systole; diastole; pulse. What causes the lub-dub sound of the heartbeat?
24. Where are the pacemaker cells in the heart located?
25. Define electrocardiogram (EKG). What is represented by the following EKG waves: P wave; QRS complex; T wave?
26. Give the function of: pulmonary circuit; systemic circuit; coronary arteries; hepatic portal vein.
27. What instrument is used to measure arterial blood pressure? What blood vessel is occluded (blocked) during the procedure. Give average blood pressure ranges for: arteries; veins; capillaries.
28. Define: hypertension; atherosclerosis; stroke; myocardial infarction; anemia; hemophilia.
29. Define: plasma; formed element of blood. What is the function of the following plasma proteins: lipoproteins; albumin?
30. Identify the function of the following in blood: erythrocytes; leukocytes; platelets.
31. Which blood cells do not have a nucleus? Which blood cells have a lobed nucleus?
32. Which blood cells contain hemoglobin? What molecules compose hemoglobin? What is the function of hemoglobin?
33. Give the function of each of the following leukocytes: neutrophils; eosinophils; basophils; monocytes; lymphocytes.
34. Define: coagulation; serum. Give the function of the following in coagulation: vitamin K; thrombin; fibrin; plasmin.
Chapter 35 Lymph Transport and Immunity
35. What are the 3 major functions of the lymphatic system?
36. Define: lymph; edema. What are the 2 terminal lymphatic vessels and to which blood vessels do they return lymph?
37. Identify the location and function in the body of the following lymphoid organs: lymph nodes; tonsils; spleen; thymus. Where are blood cells produced?
38. What are the 2 major barriers to entry of the nonspecific defenses? What is a natural killer cell?
39. What are the 4 symptoms of inflammation?
40. Define the following relative to inflammation: mast cells; histamine; macrophages; pus; anti-inflammatories.
41. Define: complement; interferon; MHC proteins (HLA proteins in humans).
42. Define: antigen; plasma cell; memory B cell; apoptosis.
43. Briefly describe antibody structure. What region of an antibody binds to antigen?
44. Identify the function (& structure if applicable) of the following antibody classes: IgG; IgM; IgA; IgD; IgE.
45. Define: helper T cell; cytotoxic T cell; memory T cell; antigen-presenting cell. Which cell type releases cytokines? Which cell type is infected by HIV?
46. Define: perforin; cytokines; self-tolerance.
47. Define: active immunity; passive immunity. Give 2 examples of each.
48. Define: allergy; autoimmune disease. What class of antibodies causes the allergic response? What class of antibodies is generated by desensitization (allergy shots)?
49. What are the 4 blood types? What antigen is responsible for + and - in blood types? Which blood type is: universal donor; universal acceptor?
50. What causes tissue rejection? What class of proteins is important to match between donor and recipient of the transplant? How can tissue rejection be suppressed?
51. Distinguish complete digestive tract from incomplete digestive tract. Give an example of an organism with each. Distinguish continuous digestion from discontinuous digestion. Give an example of an organism with each.
52. Define: herbivore; carnivore; omnivore; grazer.
53. Detail the complete pathway of food through the human digestive tract.
54. Give the function in digestion of: pharynx; esophagus; stomach; small intestine; large intestine.
55. Give the function in digestion of: salivary glands; liver; gallbladder; pancreas.
56. Where are the gastric pits with gastric glands located? What products do the gastric glands produce & what is their function in digestion?
57. Give the function in digestion of: amylase; bile; pepsin; chyme.
58. Define: cardiac sphincter; villi; lacteal; epiglottis.
59. What enzyme(s) are produced by the following: salivary glands; stomach; pancreas; small intestine?
60. Give the function of the following hormones in digestion: gastrin; secretin; CCK; gastric inhibitory peptide.
61. Identify the major functions of the liver. What is deamination & why is it used?
62. Define: ulcer; hepatitis; jaundice; cirrhosis; intestinal polyps.
63. Identify the subdivisions of the: small intestine; large intestine. Where is the apendix located & what is its function?
64. Give the source & primary function of the following vitamins: vitamin A; B vitamins; vitamin C; vitamin D; vitamin K. What is an antioxidant & which vitamins function as antioxidants?
65. What is the function in the body of the following minerals: calcium; sodium; iron; iodine?
Chapter 37: Respiration
66. Define: breathing; internal respiration; external respiration.
67. Give an example of an organism using each of the following respiratory mechanisms: diffusion across skin/body surface; gills; tracheae; lungs with positive pressure; lungs with negative pressure. What is the difference between complete & incomplete ventilation?
68. Detail the complete pathway of air through the human respiratory tract.
69. Identify the location & function of the following: uvula; epiglottis; vocal cords; bronchioles; alveoli.
70. Identify the primary muscle(s) used during breathing. What happens to the volume and pressure in the lungs during inspiration & expiration?
71. Define chemoreceptor. Where are the respiratory chemoreceptors located? Where is the respiratory center in the brain?
72. Describe exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli & pulmonary capillaries. What is the primary mechanism for this exchange?
73. List the subunits of a single molecule of hemoglobin. Where does oxygen bind to hemoglobin?
74. In what form is most of the carbon dioxide transported in blood?
75. Distinguish among the following respiratory tract disorders: strept throat; pneumonia; tuberculosis; chronic bronchitis; emphysema; asthma.