Study Questions Exam 2
Chapter 24: Evolution & Diversity of Plants
1. What group of protists is believed to be the ancestors of plants? What similarities do plants share with this group & what distinguishes them?
2. Describe the basic differences between nonvascular plants, vascular plants & seed plants.
3. Which generation in the plant alternation of generations is haploid & which is diploid? Which generation is dominant in: nonvascular plants, vascular plants?
4. What are the adaptations plants needed to move to terrestrial environments?
5. Distinguish among the different phyla (divisions) of nonvascular plants (basic characteristics of each group). List 3 characteristics all nonvascular plants have in common.
6. Are all the plants commonly referred to as mosses true mosses? What distinguishes the true mosses from these other plants?
7. What is the function of: xylem, phloem, cuticle, stomata?
8. Distinguish among the different phyla (divisions) of seedless vascular plants (basic characteristics of each group).
9. Distinguish between the life cycles of mosses & ferns (requirements & structures formed).
10. What is the function in plant development of: seeds, pollen grains, female gametophyte?
11. What is the basic difference between gymnosperms & angiosperms? To which phylum (division) do angiosperms belong?
12. Distinguish among the different phyla (divisions) of gymnosperms (basic characteristics of each group).
13. What is the basic difference between monocots & eudicots? To which class does each belong?
14. Define: sepals, petals, stamens, pistil. What are the parts of the: stamen, pistil?
15. Distinguish between the life cycles of angiosperms & gymnosperms (requirements & structures formed).
16. Briefly describe the function of: roots; stems; leaves. What is the shoot of a plant?
17. Compare the following characteristics of monocots & eudicots: number of cotyledons, root & stem vascular tissue structure, leaf venation, number of flower parts, number of apertures in pollen grain.
18. Give 2 examples of monocot plants & 2 examples of eudicot plants.
19. What are the 3 types of primary meristem & what plant tissue is produced by each?
20. Define: epidermis; waxy cuticle; root hairs; stomata; cork.
21. What are the 3 forms of ground tissue in plants & where is each located?
22. What are the 3 types of vascular tissue in plants? What cell types compose each?
23. List the 3 zones of cell growth & differentiation in eudicot roots & give the relative location of each.
24. List & give the general function of the 4 basic tissue types in the eudicot root.
25. Define: vascular cylinder; vascular bundle; xylem; phloem; pericycle. What is the difference in appearance of vascular tissue in monocot & dicot roots & stems?
26. Briefly describe & give 1 example of: taproot; fibrous root; prop root; mycorrhizae.
27. Define: apical meristem; herbaceous stem; woody stem.
28. Define: annual ring; sapwood; heartwood. What is the difference between primary & secondary growth? What type of vascular tissue (xylem or phloem) forms: bark; wood?
29. Briefly describe & give 1 example of: stolon; succulent stem; tuber; corm.
30. Define: blade; petiole; upper & lower epidermis; palisade mesophyll; spongy mesophyll.
Chapter 26: Nutrition and Transport in Plants
31. Describe the role of the following plant nutrients: carbon dioxide; water; oxygen. What is hydroponics?
32. Describe the 3 particles in soil. Define: loam; humus.
33. Briefly describe the chemiosmotic mechanism of mineral ion transport (using proton pump). How do positive & negative ions enter plant cells?
34. What is the function/benefit of Rhizobium bacteria on plant (legume) roots?
35. Define: pressure potential; osmotic potential; turgor pressure.
36. Define the following with respect to water transport in plants: guttation; transpiration; cohesion; adhesion.
37. Where are stomata located (plant tissue, & in monocots & dicots)?
38. Briefly describe the structure of a stoma.
39. Briefly describe the role of the following in stomata opening/closing: potassium ions; water; flavin pigments; abscisic acid (ABA).
40. What is the function of phloem? What factors drive movement of material through phloem?
Chapter 27: Control of Growth and Responses in Plants
41. Define: tropism; phototropism; gravitropism; thigmotropism.
42. Which hormone is involved in regulating all 3 tropisms?
43. Describe the tropic response of stems & roots to gravity.
44. Define: nastic movement; seismonastic movement; sleep movement.
45. What is the function of hormones in plants?
46. Describe the general function of: auxin; gibberellins; cytokinins; abscisic acid; ethylene.
47. Define: senescence; dormancy; abscission.
48. Which of the plant hormones regulates each of the above processes? Which hormone is a gas involved in fruit ripening?
49. Define: photoperiodism; short-day plants; long-day plants; day-neutral plants.
50. What is phytochrome & what 2 forms does it take? What are the basic functions of phytochromes in plants?
Chapter 28: Reproduction in Plants
51. Define: sporophyte; gametophyte; zygote; microspore; megaspore.
52. Define: complete flower; incomplete flower; bisexual flower; staminate flower; carpellate flower.
53. Define: monoecious; dioecious; self-pollination; cross-pollination.
54. Describe the process of double fertilization in angiosperms. How are the zygote & endosperm formed?
55. What is the function of the following in the plant embryo: cotyledon; endosperm; suspensor; dermal tissue; apical meristem; ground meristem.
56. Define: epicotyl; hypocotyl; radicle; germination.
57. Define: fruit; pericarp; plumule.
58. Distinguish between a simple & compound fruit. Briefly describe & give an example of: legume; fleshy fruit; accessory fruit; aggregate fruit; multiple fruit.
59. What is vegetative propagation? Give an example of this technique.
60. Define: transgenic plant; genetic engineering. Give an example of a transgenic plant.