Study Questions Exam 1
Chapter 20: Classification of Living Things
1. Define binomial nomenclature. Who developed this naming system for organisms?
2. From which two taxonomic categories are the two parts in a scientific name for an organism derived? Be able to identify a correctly written scientific name for an organism.
3. Define: species; subspecies; taxon; common ancestor.
4. Identify the seven current classification categories for living things, in order from most inclusive to least inclusive.
5. Define: systematics; phylogeny; primitive character; derived character.
6. Define: homologous structure; analogous structure; convergent evolution; parallel evolution.
7. What does the number of amino acid differences in cytochrome c protein between two organisms tell about the similarity between those organisms?
8. Why is comparison of ribosomal RNA sequences between different organisms often considered the most reliable indicator of similarity/relatedness? What type of nucleic acid sequence might give more information for very closely related species?
9. Distinguish among the following: cladistic systematics; phenetic systematics; traditional systematics.
10. Define: speciation; cladistics; parsimony; monophyletic group.
11. List the 5 kingdoms of living things & the general characteristics of each kingdom.
12. List the 3 domains of living things & the general characteristics of each domain. What is the basis for comparison used in the construction of the 3 domain system?
Chapter 21: Viruses, Bacteria & Archaea
13. List the general characteristics shared by all viruses. Why are viruses considered abiotic (nonliving)?
14. What are the 2 (structural/functional) parts common to all viruses? What material composes each part?
15. What is a viral envelope? What is it made of & how is it formed?
16. Why do viruses only infect certain cell types (e.g.: HIV only infects human helper T lymphocytes)?
17. Define the following with respect to viral reproduction: lytic cycle; lysogenic cycle.
18. Outline the 5 stages of the lytic cycle for bacteriophage replication.
19. Define: prophage; integration; lysis; retrovirus.
20. How does animal virus entry into a cell & replication differ from that of a bacteriophage?
21. Give the function of & source of (what produces it): lysozyme; reverse transcriptase.
22. Define: viroid; prion. Identify the disease(s) caused by each.
23. What defines a prokaryote. Which kingdoms & domains represent the prokaryotes? Who was the first individual credited with observing living prokaryotes?
24. How is the structure of the cell wall different in bacteria & archaea?
25. Define: glycocalyx (list 2 forms); flagella; fimbriae; nucleoid; plasmids.
26. Define: binary fission; conjugation; transformation; transduction.
27. What is an endospore? How is it formed & why? Can endospores reform living bacteria (& if so, how)? Are endospores the result of bacterial reproduction?
28. Define: obligate anaerobes; facultative anaerobes; aerobic bacteria.
29. Define: photoautotrophs; chemoautotrophs; chemoheterotrophs; decomposers.
30. List & describe the 3 basic bacterial shapes.
31. Define: cyanobacteria; lichens.
32. List & describe the 3 major groups of archaea.
Chapter 22: The Protists
33. What is the endosymbiotic hypothesis?
34. For each of the following, identify the phylum, habitat, structural form(s) & any unique adaptations: green algae; red algae; brown algae.
35. Identify an example organism for each of the following: unicellular green algae, filamentous green algae; colonial green algae; multicellular green algae.
36. Identify the type of algae associated with each of the following: agar; seaweed; kelp; nori/sushi; most closely associated with land plants.
37. Identify the common name & phylum of protists associated with each of the following characteristics: cell wall with silica; photosynthetic & heterotrophic forms with eye spot & pellicle; red tides & neurotoxins; diatomaceous earth.
38. Identify the mode of transmission & disease caused by each of the following: Trypanosoma brucei; Giardia lamblia; Trichomonas vaginalis. What phylum contains all 3 organisms?
39. Identify the phylum of protists with pseudopods associated with each of the following: freshwater phagocytic Amoeba & parasitic Entamoeba species; calcium carbonate shell; silica or strontium test (skeleton).
40. For the ciliates, identify the phylum & describe the nutritional adaptations & form of: locomotion; sexual reproduction.
41. Identify the mode of transmission & disease caused by each of the following: Plasmodium species; Toxoplasma gondii. What phylum contains these organisms?
42. Identify the phylum & nutritional strategy for each of the following protists: plasmodial slime molds; cellular slime molds; water molds.
Chapter 23: The Fungi
43. Describe the nutritional strategy of most fungi. Identify 2 alternate nutritional strategies used by some fungi.
44. Define: thallus; mycelium; hyphae; septate hyphae.
45. What is the major component of the fungal cell wall?
46. Describe sexual reproduction in fungi. What is the result?
47. Describe 3 forms of asexual reproduction in fungi.
48. Identify the 4 major fungal phyla & list the common organisms associated with each phylum.
49. Identify the asexual & sexual spores of formed by: zygomycetes; ascomycetes; basiodiomycetes.
50. In fungal classification, what reproductive structure defines each phylum?
51. Identify the common name of an organism & fungal phylum associated with each of the following: unicellular fungi; stolons & rhizoids; nonseptate hyphae; asexual reproduction through budding; fruiting body (mushroom); rusts & smuts.
52. What is meant by the designation imperfect fungi? Identify 2 economically important imperfect fungi & their contributions. Identify 2 pathogenic imperfect fungi & the diseases they cause.
53. What are the 2 organisms involved in producing a lichen? What type of symbiotic relationship is this?
54. Identify the 3 types of lichens & their general appearance.
55. What is the relationship of mycorrhizas to the plants they associate with?