Lecture 7 The Tissue Level of Organization

  1. Define tissue.
  2. List and describe the four kinds of tissues.
  3. List the primary germ layers.
  4. List, describe and give the functions of the different types of cell junctions.
  5. List the characteristics of epithelial tissues.
  6. Define basement membrane and describe where it is found.
  7. List the characteristics of epithelial tissues.
  8. Define basement membrane and describe where it is found.
  9. List the types of epithelial tissue, describe their morphology and give the functions and general locations of each.
  10.  Differentiate between endothelium and mesothelium.
  11. Give the functions of ciliated epithelium.
  12. List the systems that would need ciliated epithelium.
  13. Differentiate between endocrine glands and exocrine glands.
  14. List and describe the types of glandular tissue according to structural and functional classifications.
  15. List the characteristics, functions, and give examples of connective tissues.
  16. List the types of connective tissue and give the functions of each.
  17. List the types of cells found in connective tissue and give the functions of each.
  18. List and describe the three kinds of fibers found in connective tissue.
  19. Describe loose connective tissue.
  20. Describe, give locations, and differentiate among:

§       Areolar tissue

§       Adipose tissue

§       Reticular tissue

  1. List the functions of adipose tissue.
  2. Describe dense connective tissue.
  3. Describe, give locations, and differentiate among:

§       Regular dense connective tissue

§       Irregular dense connective tissue

§       Elastic connective tissue

  1. List the characteristics of cartilage.
  2. Differentiate between chondroblasts and chondrocytes.
  3. List the three types of cartilage, give the major characteristics of each and describe where each type may be found.
  4. Differentiate between interstitial and appositional growth.
  5. List the characteristics of bone.
  6. List the two types of bone tissue.
  7. Describe the osteon (Haversian system).
  8. Explain why blood is considered to be a connective tissue.
  9. Describe the components of blood.
  10. List and describe the four types of membranes.
  11. List the general characteristics and functions of muscular tissue.
  12. List the three types of muscles; give their specific characteristics and functions.
  13. Give the characteristics and functions of nervous tissue.
  14. List the two component cell types found in nervous tissue, and give the characteristics and functions of each.
  15. Describe how tissues repair occurs.
  16. Explain what causes the formation of scar tissue.
  17. List the ten factors that affect tissue repair.

 

Lecture 8 The Integumentary System

1.     Describe the structure of the skin.

2.     Explain how skin is anchored to underlying tissues and organs.

3.     List the characteristics of the epidermis.

4.     List the four types of cells found in the epidermis.

5.     List in proper sequence the five layers of the epidermis.

6.     Give the name, major characteristics and functions of each of the five layers of the epidermis.

7.     Give the function of keratin.

8.     Give the characteristics and structures of the two layers of the dermis.

9.     Describe what composes the dermis of the skin.

10.  Describe the function of melanin.

11.  List the functions of hair.

12.  Describe the structure of hair.

13.  Identify the smooth muscles attached to hair follicles and describe what they do.

14.  Give the function of nails.

15.  Give the function and functional classification (type of glands) for:

§       Sudoriferous glands

§       Sebaceous glands

§       Ceruminous glands

16.  Describe the relative distribution of sebaceous glands in the skin.

17.  Describe the function of sebum.

18.  Give the function of perspiration.

19.  List the six major functions of the skin.

20.  Describe how body temperature is regulated.

21.  List the sense structures in the skin and what stimulates each type.

22.  Describe skin wound healing.

23.  List the four phases of deep wound healing.

24.  List the cardinal signs of inflammation.

25.  Describe deep wound healing.

26.  List the three germ layers and describe what parts of the skin come from each.

27.  List and describe briefly the following disorders of the skin:

§       Skin Cancer

§       Burns

§       Sunburn

§       Decubitus ulcer

§       Psoriasis

§       Acne

§       Impetigo

§       Systemic lupus erythematosus

28.  Explain how burns damage the skin.

29.  Describe the systemic and local problems with burns.

30.  Give the general classification of burns.

 

Lecture 9 Skeletal Tissue

1.     List the function of the skeletal system.

2.     Describe the structure of a long bone.

3.     Identify the following:

·       Periosteum

·       Sharpey’s fibers

·       Osteoblasts

·       Osteoclasts

·       Endosteum

4.     List and describe the layers of the periosteum.

5.     Describe bone matrix.

6.     List the types of cells found in bone tissue and give the functions of each.

7.     Give the two types of bone tissue and describe the functions and characteristics of each.

8.     Describe the structural unit of compact bone (osteon or Haversian system) and how it is organized.

9.     List the functions of the Haversian and Volkmann’s canals.

10.  Describe the blood and nerve supply of bone.

11.  List the two kinds of ossification.

12.  Describe intramembranous ossification and give locations where it occurs.

13.  Describe endochondrial ossification and give locations where it occurs.

14.  Define and describe:

·       Primary ossification center

·       Secondary ossification center

15.  Describe the formation of articular cartilage.

16.  Describe the formation of the epiphyseal plate.

17.  List the two kinds of bone growth.

18.  Describe how bones grow in length.

19.  List and describe the bone growth zones.

20.  Identify the epiphyseal plate.

21.  Describe how bones grow in width.

22.  Give the age when ossification of bones is normally complete.

23.  List and describe the factors affecting bone growth.

24.  Describe the roles of osteoclasts and osteoblasts in bone remodeling.

25.  Explain why bone remodeling should be in homeostasis.

26.  List and describe the types of bone fractures.

27.  Describe the repair of bone fractures.

28.  Describe how calcium homeostasis is maintained.

29.  Describe the effects of exercise on bones.

30.  Identify the embryonic tissue from which bone develops.

31.  Describe the effects of aging on bones.

32.  List and describe the major disorders of bones.

 

Lecture 10 The Skeleton

1.     Differentiate the axial skeleton from the appendicular skeleton.

2.     Describe what constitutes the axial skeleton.

3.     Describe what constitutes the appendicular skeleton.

4.     List and describe the six anatomical types of bones and give examples of each.

5.     List the major types of bone markings, describe what they are and give their functions.

6.     List the cranial bones.

7.     List the facial bones.

8.     Describe what constitutes the orbit.

9.     List the bones that create the nasal cavity.

10.  Describe the hard palate.

11.  Describe the cause of cleft palate and locate where it occurs.

12.  List the auditory ossicles.

13.  List the major foramina of the skull and describe what passes through each.

14.  Define suture.

15.  Give the general function of sutures.

16.  List the four most prominent sutures in the skull and give the location of each.

17.  Define fontanels

18.  List the four major fontanels and give the closure time for each..

19.  Give the function of the paranasal sinuses.

20.  List the paranasal sinuses and give their locations.

21.  Describe how the hypoid bone differs from all other bones of the axial skeleton.

22.  List the five divisions of the vertebral column and give the number of vertebrae in each division in the embryo and in the adult.

23.  List and describe the normal curves of the spine.

24.  List and describe the abnormal spinal curves.

25.  Identify and describe:

·  Intervertebral discs

·  Annulus fibrosus

·  Nucleus pulposus

·  Herniated (slipped) disc

26.  Describe the structure of the typical vertebra.

27.  Explain how the spinal nerves exit the vertebral column.

28.  List the special modifications of:

·  Cervical vertebra 1 (Atlas)

·  Cervical vertebra 2 (Axis)

·  Cervical vertebra 7 (Vertebra prominens)

29.  List the parts of the sternum.

30.  List the three kinds of ribs and indicate which ribs are of that type.

31.  Identify the parts of a rib.

32.  List the bones of the pectoral girdle.

33.  List the bones of the upper extremity identifying those of the arm and those of the forearm.

34.  List the bones of the wrist and hands.

35.  List the bones of the pelvic girdle.

36.  List the bones of the lower extremity and identify those of the thigh and those of the leg.

37.  Describe the patella and give its function.

38.  List the bones of the ankles.

39.  List the bones of the foot.