Lecture 11 Joint or Articulations

1. Define articulation.
2. Give the structural classification of joints.
3. Give the functional classification of joints.
4. List the three types of fibrous joints and give an example of each.
5. List the two types of cartilaginous joints and give an example of each.
6. Describe the structure of the synovial joint
7. Identify:

·       Synovial cavity

·       Articular cartilage

·       Articular capsule

·       Synovial fluid

·       Accessory ligaments

·       Articular discs (menisci)

8. Define bursase.
9. Describe the function of bursae.
10. Give the location of bursae.
11. Define tendon sheaths.
12. List the types of synovial joints and give examples of each.
13. List and describe the types of movements at synovial joints.
14. List the factors that affect the contact and range of motion at synovial joints.
15. List and identify the common disorders of joints.

Lecture 12. Muscle Tissue

1. List the three kinds of muscle tissue and give their characteristics.
2. List the functions of muscle tissue.
3. List the properties of muscle tissue.
4. Define muscle fiber.
5. Define fascia.
6. Differentiate between superficial fascia and deep fascia.
7. List the connective tissue coverings of muscles.
8. Define tendon.
9. Define aponeurosis.
10. Describe the nerve and blood supply to muscle tissue.
11. Describe muscle fibers.
12. Define:

·       Sarcolemma

·       Sarcoplasm

·       Sarcoplasmic reticulum

13. Define:

·       Transverse tubules

·       Triad

·       Myuoglobin

·       Myofibrils

14. Differentiate between thin and thick myofilaments.
15. Define and describe a sarcomere.
16. List the muscle proteins and give the locations and functions of each.
17. Describe the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction.
18. List and describe the events of the contraction cycle.
19. Describe the excitation-contraction coupling events.
20. Describe the relationship between sarcomere length and tension.
21. Define and describe:

·       Neuromuscular junction

·       Motor end plate

·       Motor neuron

22. List the events that occur in the passage of a nerve impulse to a muscle fiber.
23. Describe the production of a muscle action potential.
24. List and describe the three ways that ATP is produced in muscle fibers.
25. List the sources of oxygen for muscle fibers.
26. Define and describe muscle fatigue.
27. List the factors involved in muscle fatigue.
28. Define and describe oxygen debt.
29. Define and describe motor unit.
30. List and describe the events in twitch contraction.
31. Define all-or-none-principle.
32. Define wave summation.
33. Differentiate between incomplete and complete tetanus.
34. Define treppe.
35. Define muscle tone and describe how it is produced.
36. Differentiate between isotonic and isometric contractions.
37. List and describe the three kinds of skeletal muscle fibers.
38. Describe the production of heat by muscles.
39. Describe the effects of exercise on muscles.
40. Describe cardiac muscle tissue.
41. Describe smooth muscle tissue.
42. Differentiate between and describe visceral and multiunit smooth muscle.
43. Describe the regeneration of muscle tissue.
44. Describe the development of muscle.
45. Describe the effects of aging on muscles.
46. List and describe the major disorders of muscles.

Lecture 13 The Muscular System

1. Define:

·       Origin

·       Insertion

2. Define leverage.
3. Describe the components of a lever system.
4. Describe

·       First-class levers

·       Second-class levers

·       Third-class levers

5. Describe the importance of leverage in the production of movement.
6. Define:

·       Primer mover (agnoist)

·       Antagonist

·       Synergists

·       Fixator

7. Describe the arrangement of fasciculi within muscles.
8. List the criteria for naming skeletal muscles.

Lecture 14 Nervous Tissue

1. List the major structures of the nervous system.
2. List the three major types of functions performed by the nervous system.
3. List the two major organizational components of the nervous system.
4. List the components of the central nervous system.
5. List the components of the peripheral nervous system.
6. Differentiate between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems.
7. List the characteristics of a neuron.
8. List and describe the parts of a neuron.
9. Describe axonal transport.
10. List the structural types of neurons.
11. Describe each of the structural types of neurons.
12. List, describe, and give the functions of the types of neuroglia found in the central nervous system.
13. List, describe, and give the functions of the types of neuroglia found in the peripheral nervous system.
14. Differentiate between gray and white matter.
15. List the three kinds of potentials.
16. Define resting membrane potential.
17. Define:

·       Voltage

·       Current

·       Resistance

18. List the two kinds of ion channels.
19. List and describe the three kinds of gated channels.
20. Explain what produces a resting membrane potential.
21. Define electrochemical gradient.
22. Describe how the resting membrane potential is maintained.
23. Describe the distribution of ions in the extracellular and intracellular fluids.
24. Describe the role of leakage channels and the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the ion distribution.
25. Define and describe graded potentials.
26. List the two phases of the action potential.
27. Describe the action potential and explain how it is produced.
28. Define the all or none principal.
29. Define refractory period.
30. Differentiate between absolute and relative refractory period.
31. Describe the propagation of a nerve impulse.
32. Differentiate between continuous conduction and saltatory conduction.
33. Describe the effect of axon diameter on nerve impulse conduction.
34. Define synapse.
35. List the anatomical types of synapses.
36. List and describe the functional types of synapses.
37. Describe synaptic delay.
38. Explain how nerve impulses are conducted across a synapse.
39. Define postsynaptic potential.
40. Differentiate between and describe:

·       Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP)

·       Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSP)

41. Explain how neurotransmitters are removed from a synapse.
42. Describe summation of postsynaptic potentials.
43. Differentiate between spatial and temporal summation.
44. Define neurotransmitter.
45. List and describe the major neurotransmitters.
46. List and describe the types of neural circuits.
47. Describe the regeneration and repair of neural tissue.
48. Describe multiple sclerosis.
49. Describe epilepsy.