Lecture 1 Introduction

1. Define anatomy and physiology.
2. List and describe briefly the subdivisions of anatomy and physiology.
3. Describe the relationship between structure and function.
4. List the levels of organization within the body and describe each level.
5. List the systems of the body and describe the overall functions of each.
6. List and describe the six basic life processes.
7. Define:

·       Homeostasis

·       Body fluid

·       Extracellular fluids

·       Intracellular fluids

·       Internal environment

8. Give five examples of extracellular fluids.
9. List two general ways in which homeostasis can be controlled.
10. Define feedback system.
11. List the components of a feedback system.
12. List the two types of feedback systems.
13. Describe negative feedback control.
14. Give one example of a negative feedback mechanism.
15. Describe positive feedback control.
16. Give one example of positive feedback mechanism.
17. Define:

·       Disorder

·       Disease

·       Pathology

·       Epidemiology

·       Pharmacology

18. Define diagnosis.
19. Explain how diseases are diagnosed.
20. List and describe five medical imaging procedures.

Lecture 2 Chemical Principles

 

1. Define:

§       Chemistry

§       Matter

§       Atoms

§       Element

2. List the three states of matter.
3. Describe the structure of an atom.
4. Define:

§       Proton

§       Neutron

§       Electron

§       Energy level (electron shell)

5. Define:

§       Atomic number

§       Atomic weight or mass number

§       Isotope

6. Make calculations of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus and the number of electrons in the energy levels around the nucleus from the atomic weights and atomic numbers.
7. Describe how the atoms of different elements differ.
8. Define:

§       Ion

§       Molecule

§       Free radical

§       Compound

9. Draw the atomic configuration of an atom when given the atomic weight and number.
10. Explain what determines chemical properties of an element.
11. Define chemical formula.
12. Give examples of chemical formulae.
13. Explain what a formula such as H₂SO₄ means.
14. List the three things that can occur that allow atoms to bond with one another.
15. Explain why bonds are formed.
16. Define valence.
17. List and describe the four types of chemical bonds, differentiate between each, and give examples of each.
18. Define:

§       Ion

§       Cation

§       Anion

19. Define electrolyte.
20. Define electronegativity and relate it to polar covalent bonding.
21. State the Law of Conservation of Mass.
22. Define chemical reaction.
23. Describe the collision theory.
24. List the parts of a chemical reaction.
25. Define energy.
26. List and define the two forms of energy.
27. State the Law of Conservation of Energy.
28. Define heat.
29. Differentiate between endergonic and exergonic reactions.
30. Describe what happens to energy when

§       Bonds are broken

§       Bonds are made

31. Define activation energy.
32. List and describe four factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction.
33. Define enzyme and explain what it does.
34. List and describe the four basic types of chemical reactions and give examples of each.

 

Lecture 3 Inorganic Chemistry

1. Define inorganic chemistry.
2. List and describe the five major characteristics of water.
3. Define:

§       Mixture

§       Solution

4. Differentiate between solute and solvent.
5. Define molecular weight.
6. Calculate the molecular weight of a molecule from the given atomic weights.
7. Define:

§       Concentration

§       Mole

§       Molarity

8. Given the atomic weights calculate the number of grams needed of a compound to produce a given molar solution of that compound.
9. Define:

§       Suspension

§       Colloid

10. Define and give examples of:

§       Acids

§       Bases

§       Salts

§       Electrolytes

11. Define pH and describe the pH scale.
12. Understand how the pH scale is constructed and therefore explain the meaning of pH differences.
13. Understand what a log scale means.
14. Interpret pH values.
15. Describe the function of buffer systems.
16. Define a buffer system and list the component parts.
17. Give an example of a buffer system.

 

Lecture 4 Biological Chemistry

 

1.          Define organic chemistry.

2.          List the characteristics of organic compounds.

3.          Identify the element on which life is based.

4.          List the four types of biologically important organic compounds.

5.          Define:

§       Dehydration synthesis

§       Hydrolysis

6.          For carbohydrates give:

§       Characteristics

§       General formula

§       Major functions

§       Types and an example of each type

7.          Define polymer.

8.          Give the breakdown products of carbohydrates.

9.          For lipids give:

§       Characteristics

§       General formula

§       Major functions

§       Types and an example of each type

10.       Describe the composition of simple fats.

11.       Give the breakdown products of lipids.

12.       For proteins give:

§       Characteristics

§       General formula

13.       Give the number of different naturally occurring amino acids.

14.       Give the breakdown products of proteins.

15.       Identify the following levels of protein structure:

§       Primary

§       Secondary

§       Tertiary

§       Quaternary

16.       Identify the structural levels of proteins that involve hydrogen bonding.

17.       Define:

§       Peptide

§       Polypeptide

§       Protein

§       Peptide bond

18.       List the major functions of proteins.

19.       Define enzyme.

20.       Define coenzyme.

21.       List and describe the components of an enzyme system.

22.       List the six classes of enzymes.

23.       Describe how enzymes function.

24.       List the four factors that influence enzyme activity.

25.       Define and give the functions of:

§       Glycoproteins

§       Proteoglycans

26.       List the two types of nucleic acids.

27.       List the components of nucleotide.

28.       List the nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA molecules.

29.       Describe the DNA molecule.

30.       Describe the structure of the ATP molecules.

 

Lecture 5 The Cellular Level of Organization.

1. Explain why the cell is considered to be the fundamental unit of life.
2. Describe the characteristics, structure, and function of the plasma (cell) membrane.
3. Explain why it is important for the cell membrane to be semipermeable.
4. Describe the arrangement of membrane proteins.
5. List the six functions of membrane proteins.
6. List the types of channels.
7. Describe the nature of the plasma membrane.
8. Define selective permeability.
9. Describe what determines selective permeability.
10. Describe what kinds of substances pass through the:

·       Bilipid layer

·       Membrane channels

11. Define:

·       Concentration gradient

·       Electrical gradient

·       Electrochemical gradient

12. List and distinguish between the two basic types of membrane transport.
13. List and describe the processes by which molecules pass through the cell membrane.
14. Define cytosis.
15. Distinguish between endocytosis and exocytosis.
16. Define diffusion.
17. List five factors that influence the rate of diffusion of a substance across the membrane.
18. Define:

·       Osmosis

·       Osmotic pressure

·       Osmolarity

19. Differentiate among the following kinds of solutions:

·       Isotonic

·       Hypotonic

·       Hypertonic

20. Describe what will occur if a cell is placed in a:

·       Isotonic

·       Hypotonic

·       Hypertonic

21. Differentiate between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion.
22. Explain how substances diffuse through the plasma membrane.
23. Explain why some substances diffuse through the lipid bilayer and other substances diffuse through the membrane channels.
24. List the kinds of substances that diffuse through:

·       The lipid bilayer

·       The membrane channels

25. Define ion channel.
26. List the two types of ion channels.
27. Define facilitated diffusion.
28. Describe what occurs in facilitated diffusion.
29. Define:

·       Transporter molecule

·       Transport maximum

30. List substances that are transported by facilitated diffusion.
31. Define active transport.
32. Give the energy sources for active transport.
33. List three characteristics of active transport.
34. List the kinds of substances that are actively transported.
35. Differentiate between primary active transport and secondary active transport.
36. Describe

·       Primary active transport

·       Sodium-Potassium pump

·       Secondary active transport

·       Ion pump

37. Define:

·       Endocytosis

·       Exocytosis

38. Give the source of energy for endocytosis and exocytosis.
39. List and describe the three types of endocytosis.
40. Define cytosol and describe its composition.
41. Define cytoskeleton and describe its components.
42. Define microvilli and give their functions.
43. Define and give the function of:

·       Centrosomes

·       Centrioles

44. Define, describe and give the functions of:

·       Cilia

·       Flagella

45. Explain how you can distinguish between cilia and flagella.
46. Give the function of ribosomes.
47. Describe the composition of ribosomes.
48. Describe the two types of ribosomes.
49. Describe the endoplasmic reticulum.
50. Differentiate between the two types of endoplasmic reticulum.
51. List the functions of the endoplasmic reticulum.
52. Describe the structure of the Golgi complex.
53. List the functions of the Golgi complex.
54. Describe the structure of lysosomes.
55. Give the functions of lysosomes.
56. Describe the structure of mitochondria and give their functions.
57. Define nucleus.
58. Describe the structure of the nucleus.
59. Define nucleoli.
60. Describe the nature of the genetic material.
61. Differentiate between chromatin and chromosomes.

 

Lecture 6 Cellular Physiology

1. Define:

·       Gene

·       Genome

·       Gene expression

2. List the two processes involved in gene expression.
3. List the three types of RNA.
4. Define:

·       DNA base triplet

·       Codon

·       Anticodon

5. Define:

·       Transcription

·       Translation

6. Define:

·       Sense or coding strand

·       Antisense or non-coding strand

·       Promoter

·       Terminator

·       Introns

·       Exons

7. Describe transcription.
8. Describe translation.
9. Define:

·       Termination codon

·       Polyribosome

10. Using a codon chart for amino acids give from a sequence of nucleotides in DNA (sense or coding strand) the following:
11. List the two types of cell division and describe where they occur.
12. Describe what occurs in mitosis.
13. Describe the cell cycle.
14. Describe what occurs in the following subphases of interphase:

·       G₀

·       G₁

·       S

·       G₂

15. Describe the replication of DNA.
16. List the four stages of mitosis and describe what occurs in each.
17. Define cytokinesis.
18. Explain how cell division is regulated.
19. Define:

·       Apoptosis

·       Necrosis

20. Describe the functions of tumor suppressor genes.
21. Describe cellular aging.
22. Define and identify:

·       Neoplasm

·       Malignant

·       Benign

·       Metastasis

23. List the characteristics of malignant tumors.
24. List some of the major types of cancers.
25. Describe the growth and spread of cancer.
26. List the possible causes of cancer.
27. Define oncogene.
28. Describe the two-stage theory of cancer production.
29. Describe the treatment of cancer.