BIO 211 STUDY GUIDE FOR EXAMINATION II
TOPIC 5 THE HEART
After studying the material in this lecture the student should be able to:
1. List and describe the components of the heart wall. Give the function of each.
· Epicardium
· Myocardium
· Endocardium
2. Give the locations of all valves in the heart. Explain when they are open and closed.
3. Describe the structure of the heart valves.
4. Give the exact location of all of the valves in the heart.
5. Give the function of the heart valves and describe when the valves are open and closed.
6. Identify the chordae tendineae and explain what they do.
7. List the chambers of the heart and explain the differences between them.
8. Identify the chamber of the heart has the thickest wall and explain why this is true.
9. Give the location and function of the foramen ovale.
10. Trace blood from the superior or inferior vena cava through the heart to the lungs back to the heart and to the aorta
naming all structures including valves that the blood passes through.
11. Trace the sequence of a cardiac impulse from its place of origin in the heart to the myocardium.
12. Describe how the heart gets its blood supply.
13. Identify the origin of the coronary arteries originate
14. Identify the vessels return blood to the right atrium of the heart.
15. Describe the modifications found in the fetal heart.
16. Give the functional characteristics of myocardial cells.
17. Describe how action potentials are conducted from cell to cell in the heart.
18. List and describe the parts of the conducting system of the heart.
19. Give the sequence of parts of conducting system that function to carry cardiac impulses.
20. Explain why the sinoatrial node (SA node) is called the "pacemaker" of the heart.
21. Describe the heart sounds and what produces them.
22. Give the functional characteristics of cardiac muscle.
23. Describe what initiates contraction of cardiac muscle.
24. Describe what causes the rhythmicity of the action potentials in the sinoatrial nodal fibers.
25. List the factors that determine the force of cardiac muscle contraction.
26. Give the amount of blood that flows directly through the atria into the ventricles before the atria contract.
27. Give and explain Starling’s law of the heart.
28. Give the effects of potassium, calcium, sodium, and magnesium on the rate and force of cardiac muscle contraction.
29. Explain how the heart rate is controlled.
30. List the controlling factors for heart rate and identify the most important one.
31. Give the duration of the cardiac cycle when the heart is beating at the usual rate.
32. Give the length of time of each event of the cardiac cycle takes during the cardiac cycle (usual conditions).
33. Describe how autonomic impulses are conducted to the heart.
34. Give the locations of the cardioacceleratory and cardioinhibitory centers.
35. Describe the route (what nerves are involved) and effects on the heart of
· parasympathetic stimulation
· sympathetic stimulation
36. Describe what determines cardiac output.
37. Define/identify
· Resting stroke volume
· Normal heart rate
38. Describe how each of the following effects cardiac output:
· changes heart rate
· changes venous return
· changes stroke volume
39. Describe the effects (if any) of blood loss on:
· cardiac output
· blood pressure
· heart rate
40. Identify the aortic reflex and describe what it does.
41. Describe how the atria and ventricles fill with blood.
42. Explain what the waves and segments of a normal ECG represent. Explain what the abnormal waves and segments
that we studied indicate.
43. List the basic problems that cause heart disease.
44. List the general factors associated with heart disease.
45. Define valvular insufficiency.
46. Describe what occurs in aortic insufficiency.
47. Give the effects of stenosis of the mitral valve.
48. Differentiate between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis.
49. Define myocardial infarction.
50. Identify the following
· angina pectoris
· ischemia
· pericarditis
TOPIC 6 BLOOD VESSELS AND ROUTES
After studying the material in this lecture the student should be able to:
1. Describe the differences in structure and function among arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
2. List the layers of blood vessel walls and describe what constitutes each layer.
3. Differentiate between elastic arteries and muscular arteries.
4. Differentiate among the following:
· continuous capillaries
· fenestrated capillaries
· sinusoids
5. Describe the function and capacity of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. Indicate which vessels are
best suited as reservoirs.
6. Identify the type of blood vessel, which holds the greatest volume of blood.
7. Explain why blood flows through the blood vessels.
8. Be able to explain why blood flows
9. Define peripheral resistance, list its major determinants and explain its effect on arterial blood pressure.
10. Give the factors that affect the amount of peripheral resistance in the circulatory system.
11. Describe the relationship between arterial pressure and peripheral resistance.
12. Define pulse pressure and describe how it can be determined.
13. Explain what pulse pressure indicates clinically.
14. Give the determinants of blood pressure and identify which one is the principal determinant.
15. Explain what the systolic and diastolic pressures measure when blood pressures are recorded in the standard
manner. (Hint: Identify what generates these pressures.)
16. Be able to determine if a given blood pressure
· is within the normal range
· indicates hypertension
· indicates hypotension
17. Describe the sites where blood pressure and pulse are usually taken.
18. Describe the chemical and neural control of blood pressure.
19. Describe how blood pressure is measured clinically.
20. Define and describe
· Hypotension
· Hypertension
· Shock
21. Explain the relationship between the velocity of blood flow and total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels.
22. Explain why the rate of blood flow through tissues is primarily controlled by the arterioles.
23. Give the function of baroreceptors and relate it to changes in blood pressure,
24. Give the functions of the carotid and aortic bodies.
25. Describe the effect of aldosterone one blood pressure and explain why this occurs.
26. Give the effects of the following chemicals on blood pressure:
· antidiuretic hormone
· angiotensin II
· epinephrine
27. Describe what forces (pressures) do the following:
· causes fluid to move from the capillary into the interstitial fluid
· causes fluid to move from the interstitial fluid into the capillary
28. Describe blood flow in the pulmonary circuit.
29. Describe the function of the coronary arteries.
30. Give the function of the following circulatory routes:
· cerebral circulation
· coronary circulation
· pulmonary circulation
· hepatic portal circulation
31. List and describe the special features of fetal circulation and give the effect of each.
32. Describe how fetal circulation differs from circulation after birth.
33. Define and describe the following:
· Aneurysm
· Atherosclerosis
· Arteriosclerosis
· Coronary artery disease
· Ischemia
· Infarction
· Thrombosis
· Thrombophlebitis
· Varicose veins
· Hemorrhoids