After studying the material covered under these topics the student should be able to:
TOPIC 24 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
1. Explain why the autonomic nervous system contains only visceral efferent fibers.
2. List the three types of effectors innervated by the autonomic nervous system.
3. List the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
4. Explain what is meant by dual enervation with respect to the autonomic nervous system.
5. Identify:
6. Compare and contrast the functions of the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system.
7. Give the locations of the preganglionic neuron cell bodies in the:
8. Identify the following structures in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system:
· White rami communicantes (location and kind of fibers present)
· Gray rami communicantes (location and kind of fibers present)
· Sympathetic chain ganglia (Paravertebral ganglia)
· Prevertebral ganglia
· Splanchnic nerves
9. List four examples of prevertebral (collateral) ganglia.
10. Identify the following structures in the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system:
11. List four examples of terminal ganglia.
12. List the five cranial nerves that carry parasympathetic fibers.
13. Describe how parasympathetic fibers reach the organs innervated.
14. Describe the effects of the autonomic nervous system.
15. List the two major neurotransmitters and identify where they are secreted.
16. Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic fibers.
17. Identify the specific nerve fibers secrete:
18. Explain the neurotransmitters acetylcholine and norepinephrine are removed from the synaptic cleft.
TOPIC 25 THE SENSORY, MOTOR AND INTEGRATIVE SYSTEMS
1. Define the following terms:
2. List the cutaneous receptors and give the functions of each.
3. Give the structure and function of the:
4. Describe the significance of the decussation of the pyramids.
5. Define memory and differentiate between short-term and long-term memory.
6. Describe where second order neurons of ascending pathways terminate.
1. Define or identify:
2. Describe the olfactory cells.
3. Trace the olfactory pathway to the cerebral cortex.
4. Give the theoretical basis of olfaction.
5. List the three kinds of papillae and indicate which ones have taste buds.
6. Describe the gustatory cells.
7. List the four primary taste sensations and indicate the specific taste regions of the tongue where these sensations are most
acute.
8. Describe how the taste buds are simulated.
9. Explain why substances must be dissolved before they can be tasted or smelled.
10. List the cranial nerves involved in the sense of taste and describe which areas they supply.
11. Explain the importance of the thalamus in the senses.
12. List and give the functions of the specific parts of the:
External ear
Middle ear
Inner ear
13. Give the location, order and functions of the auditory ossicles.
14. Identify the specific structures in the inner ear concerned with
Hearing
Dynamic equilibrium
Static equilibrium
15. Describe the location and function of the eustachian tube.
16. Identify and give the location of the hearing receptors.
17. Describe how vibrations are transformed into sound impulses.
18. Differentiate between dynamic and static equilibrium and describe the structures involved and the function of each.
19. Give the branches and functions of the cranial nerve VIII.
After studying the material in this lecture the student should be able to:
1. Describe the anatomy of the eye and its accessory structures. Include:
· The extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the eye
· The basic anatomy of the eye.
· The cavities and chambers of the eye.
· The three tunics of the eye and their modifications
2. List the function of each of the major parts of the eye and of the accessory structures. Include the functions of the:
· Palpebrae.
· Extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the eye
· Cavities and chambers of the eye.
· Three tunics of the eye and their modifications
· Conjunctiva
· Cornea
· Lens
· Ciliary muscle
· Lacrimal apparatus
· Iris
3. Describe how the amount of light passing to the visual receptors is regulated.
4. Give the location of the vision receptors. Describe specifically where the vision is most acute.
5. Identify the macula lutea and explain what its significance.
6. Describe the differences between aqueous and vitreous humor. Describe where they are found, and where they are produced.
7. Define:
· Refraction.
· Convergence
· Accommodation
8. Identify the structures that are specialized for color vision and visual acuity.
9. Identify the photosensitive pigment contained in rods and each type of cone.
10. List the primary colors.
11. Describe how the fibers of the ganglion neurons exit the retina of the eye.
12. Describe how light is focused on the retina and how it produces a nerve impulse.
13. Trace the visual pathway from the retina to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe.
14. Describe what occurs during dark adaptation.
Give the causes of the following major diseases and disorders of the eye:
· Conjunctivitis
· Cataract
· Glaucoma
· Astigmatism
· Myopia