BIO 210 STUDY GUIDE FOR EXAMINATION IV
After studying the material covered under these topics the student should be able to:
1. List the parts of the:
2. List the six types of neuroglial cells and give the function and location of each.
3. Differentiate between Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes.
4. List the four special characteristics of neurons
5. List the parts of a typical neuron
6. List the characteristics and functions of dendrites.
7. List the characteristics and function of axons.
8. Describe the location of telodendria and identify their function.
9. List the sequence of neuron parts over which a nerve impulse (wave of depolarization) normally travels.
10. Define:
11. Explain the role of the neurolemma in nerve fiber regeneration.
12. Give the
13. Give the function and location of the following kinds of neurons:
Association
Motor
Sensory
14. Identify the types of neurons found in the:
Central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
15. Differentiate between a nerve and a tract.
16. Differentiate between ascending and descending tracts.
1. Define:
Voltage
Current
Resistance
Insulator
Conductor
2. State Ohn’s Law.
3. Differentiate between passive and active channels.
4. List and describe the three kinds of active channels.
5. Define and describe the electrochemical gradient.
6. Explain how the external and internal sides of a neuron cell membrane differ and why.
7. Explain why a neuron cell membrane has polarity; specifically describe the roles of Na+, K+, Cl-, and protein ions.
8. Define resting membrane potential.
9. Describe the sodium-potassium pump.
10. Define graded potential.
11. List the two types of graded potentials.
12. Define action potential.
13. Describe the changes in permeability of a neuron cell membrane when a nerve fiber is stimulated to produce an action potential.
14. Define refractory period.
15. Differentiate between absolute and relative refractory periods. Explain the distribution of ions and identify which kinds of
channels are open during each of these periods.
16. Describe the propagation of an action potential along a neuron.
17. Give the all-or-none principle and describe how it is applied to a neuron.
18. Explain the relationship between the speed of nerve impulse transmission and:
Myelination
Diameter of the nerve fiber
19. Explain the significance of myelin on a nerve fiber.
20. Define saltatory conduction.
21. Explain the significance of the nodes of Ranvier in saltatory conduction.
22. List the three types of nerve fibers classified according to the speed of nerve impulses.
23. Define and describe a synapse.
24. List the two types of synapses.
25. Explain how a nerve impulse travels across a synapse.
26. Define “neurotransmitter.”
27. Differentiate between excitatory and inhibitory transmission.
28. List the major neurotransmitters and give the mode of function for each.
29. Describe the two modes of function of neurotransmitters.
30. Define:
1. List the:
Three primary brain vesicles
Five secondary brain vesicles
Four major parts of the brain
Three parts of the brain stem
Three parts of the diencephalon
2. Give the meningeal layers in order.
3. Locate and identify the following:
Subdural space
Subarachnoid space
Lateral ventricles
Septum pellucidum
Interverticular foramen (Foramen of Monro)
Third ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct (Aqueduct of Sylvius)
Fourth ventricle
Median aperture (Foramen of Magendie)
Lateral apertures (Foramina of Luschka)
4. List the three modifications of the dura mater that separate some brain portions from others.
5. Give the location and function of the
6. Explain why hydrocephalus occurs.
7. Define blood-brain barrier.
8. Identify the circle of Willis.
9. Identify the following:
10. List the five lobes of the cerebrum.
11. Locate and give the specific function of the following structures:
Primary motor cortex
Premotor cortex
Broca’s area
Primary somatosensory area
Primary visual area
Primary auditory area
Prefrontal cortex
General interpretation area
Wernicke’s area
Affective language area
Somesthetic association area
Visual association area
12. List and describe the three kinds of white fibers found in the cerebrum.
13. Locate and give the function of the cerebral nuclei (basal nuclei).
14. Identify the following thalamic structures:
15. Give the function of the following thalamic nuclei:
16. Identify and give the function of the following hypothalamic nuclei:
17. List the functions of the hypothalamus.
18. Identify the pineal body and give its function.
19. Identify and give the functions of the following:
20. List and locate the:
21. Identify the following structures:
22. List the functions of the cerebellum.
23. Identify and give the general functions of the:
24. Define or identify the following:
1. Identify the following structures:
2. Give the region of the vertebral column where the spinal cord ends and explain the clinical significance.
3. List the meningeal layers in order form outside in.
4. Locate the following and describe their contents:
5. Give the location where a spinal or lumbar puncture may be performed.
6. List five reasons for performing a lumbar puncture.
7. Identify:
8. Differentiate between gray matter and white matter.
9. Identify the following structures:
10. Describe what would compose the following structures:
Anterior horn of gray matter
Lateral horn of gray matter
Posterior horn of gray matter
Anterior column of white matter
Lateral column of white matter
Posterior column of white matter
11. Define:
12. List the two kinds of tracts found in the spinal cord.
13. Identify the function of the following tracts:
14. List the two major functions of the spinal cord.
1. List the connective tissue coverings of a:
2. List the two kinds of nerve fibers.
3. List the three types of nerves and give the types of fibers in each.
4. Identify:
5. Explain why some nerve fibers cannot regenerate.
6. Define receptor.
7. List the three types of receptors classified by location.
8. List the five types of receptors classified by the type of stimulus detected.
9. List the ten types of general sensory receptors and give the function of each.
1. List the 12 cranial nerves by name and number in order of their origination from the brain and give the specific functions of each.
2. Give the structures that each nerve innervates.
3. List the major branches of the following cranical nerves and give the specific function of each:
4. List the specific nerve (cranial nerve or branch) that is sensory for :
5. List the specific nerve (s) (cranial nerve or branch) that is motor to:
6. List the specific nerve (cranial nerve or branch) that carries autonomic fibers to the:
1. Give the general functions of the spinal nerves.
2. List the five regions of the spinal cord and give the number of spinal nerves that come off of the cord in each region.
3. Differentiate between:
4. List the three coverings of a spinal nerve from outside in.
5. Identify the following:
6. Define plexus.
7. List the four major plexuses formed by spinal nerves and give the major branches of each.
8. Describe the function of the intercostals nerves.
9. Define dermatome
10. Describe a reflex arc giving the sequence of parts in the arc.
11. Differentiate between:
12. Describe the patellar reflex and identify: