After studying the material covered under these topics the student should be able to:
1. List the six basic functions of bone.
2. Give the two types of bone tissue and the functions and characteristics of each.
3. List and describe the six anatomical types of bones and give examples of each type.
4. Describe the structure of a long bone.
5. Identify the following:
6. List and describe the layers of the periosteum.
7. Differentiate between compact and spongy or cancellous bone.
8. Describe the structural unit of compact bone (osteon or Haversian system) and how it is organized.
9. List the functions of the Haversian and Volkmann’s canals.
10. List the major types of bone markings, describe what they are and give their functions.
11. Differentiate between ossification and bone growth.
12. Describe the following processes and give examples of each:
Intramembraneous ossification
Endochondrial ossification
13. Locate and describe the epiphyseal plate.
14. Give the age when ossification of bones is normally complete.
15. Describe the function of the epiphyseal plate.
16. List the hormones involved in the deposition of calcium and phosphate in bone and the give the functions of each.
17. List and describe the disorders of bone that were discussed is class.
1. Differentiate the axial skeleton from the appendicular skeleton. List what constitutes each.
2. Define:
3. Give the general function of sutures.
4. List the four most prominent sutures in the skull and give the location of each.
5. List the four major fontanels and give the closure times if they are significant.
6. List and locate the bones of the skull and describe the major features including all structures covered in lab. Specifically
include the following:
Foramen magnum
Styloid process
Infraorbital foramen
Sella turcia
Zygomatic process
Coronoid process
Condylar process
Alveolar process
7. Give the function of the paranasal sinuses.
8. List the paranasal sinuses and give their locations.
9. Describe the cause of cleft palate and locate where it occurs.
10. Describe how the hyoid bone differs from all other bones of the axial skeleton.
11. Define TMJ and give the component bones.
12. List the five divisions of the vertebral column and give the number of vertebrae in each division in the embryo and in the adult.
13. List the special modifications of
Cervical vertebrae 1 (Atlas)
Cervical vertebrae 2 (Axis)
Cervical vertebrae 7 (Vertebrae prominens)
14. Explain where spinal nerves exit the vertebral column.
15. Identify:
16. List the vertebral curves and describe when each one is formed.
17. List and describe the spinal curvature disorders.
18. Describe the structure of typical vertebrae.
19. List the parts of the sternum.
20. List the three kinds of ribs and indicate which ribs are of that type.
1. List the components of the pectoral and pelvic girdles.
2. Describe how the scapula articulates with the clavicle.
3. Describe how the humerus articulates with the scapula.
4. List the bones of the upper appendage and where they are located.
5. Describe how the femur articulates with the pelvic bones.
6. List the bones of the lower appendage and where they are located.
7. Describe the importance of the talus and calcaneus.
1. Define articulation.
2. Give the functional and structural classification of joints.
3. List the specific structural types of joints and give examples of each.
4. Describe the structure of the synovial joint including ligaments, articular cartilage, menisci, joint and capsule.
5. Define synovial membrane and give its function.
6. Define and identify the following structures:
Articular cartilage
Bursae
Meniscus (Plural: Menisci) (Articular discs)
Ligaments
Tendons
7. List the types of movements allowed by freely moveable joints using the appropriate terms.
8. Give the six types of synovial joints classified by the type of movement that they allow.
9. Describe the problem in each of the following disorders of joints:
1. List the four characteristics of muscle tissue.
2. List the three functions of muscle tissue.
3. List the three types of muscles and the major characteristics of each type.
4. Describe the histological features of the three kinds of muscles.
5. Define and give the function of the following:
Ligaments
Tendons
Aponeuroses
Fascia
6. List the connective tissue components of skeletal muscle.
7. List and describe the five basic arrangements of fasciculii and give examples of each.
8. Describe a muscle fiber (cell) including its structural organization.
9. Describe the structure of a myofilament.
10. Describe the organization of a sarcomere.
1. Describe the neuromuscular (myoneural) junction.
2. Identify the neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction.
3. Define motor end plate and give its function.
4. Describe how the nerve impulse is transmitted from the neuron to the motor end plate of a muscle cell
5. Describe the role of acetylcholinesterase and identify the cell that produces it.
6. Define motor unit.
7. Define recruitment.
8. Describe what occurs when a muscle fiber becomes polarized or repolarized.
9. Trace the biochemical events in muscle tissue that leads to contraction.
10. Describe the role of calcium in the contractile process of a muscle fiber (cell).
11. Identify the enzyme that breaks down ATP in the presence of calcium ions during muscle contraction.
12. Define:
All-or-none principle
Threshold stimulus
Subthreshold stimulus
13. List the four periods of a muscle twitch and describe what happens in each period.
14. Describe what happens when:
a muscle is stimulated by a threshold stimulus
a muscle is stimulated by a subtheshold stimulus
multiple stimuli are applied to the same muscle one after immediately another
multiple stimuli are applied to the same muscle spaced so that the refractory period has ended
15. Define and/or identify the following types of contractions:
Twitch
Tetanus
Temporal summation
Spatial summation
Treppe
Isotonic
Isometric
Atrophy
Hypertrophy
16. List and describe the three systems that produce energy for muscle contraction.
17. Identify the chemical substance that is the immediate source of energy for muscle contraction.
18. List the three factors involved in muscle fatigue.
19. Describe what occurs in the phenomenon of oxygen debt and describe when this occurs.
20. List the factors which determine the
Force of contraction
Velocity of contraction
Duration of contraction
21. Describe how muscles produce movement.
22. List and describe the three types of skeletal muscle fibers.
23. Give the major characteristics of:
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
24. List and describe the major disorders of muscles.
25. Define the following terms:
Fibrillation
Spasm
Fatigue
TOPIC 16 THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
1. Define muscular system.
2. List the types of levers in the body and identify the most common.
3. Describe what determines the strength of a muscle.
4. Describe how power and range of movement are related in muscles.
5. Describe how much a muscle fiber shortens when it contracts.
6. Define the following terms:
Origin
Insertion
Prime movers (agonist)
Antagonists
Synergists
Fixators
7. List the criteria for identification of a muscle and list the terms used to name muscles according to these criteria.
8. List the following:
Muscles of facial expression
Muscles of the chest
Muscles of respiration
Muscles of the buttocks
Major muscles of the arm
Major muscles of the leg
Muscles of mastication