BIO 211 STUDY GUIDE FOR EXAMINATION I

TOPIC 1 THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

After studying the material in this lecture the student should be able to:

1.      Give the overall function of the endocrine system.         

2.      Differentiate between endocrine and exocrine glands.

3.      List the endocrine glands and the organs containing endocrine tissues.

4.      Define hormone.

5.      List the types of hormones (according to function).

6.      List the chemical classes of hormones.

7.      Give the definition and characteristics of prostaglandins.

8.      Define target cell and explain why it responds to a specific hormone.

9.      Define:

·        Receptor

·        Affinity

·        Up-regulation

·        Down-regulation

10.   Describe the two major mechanisms by which hormones affect target cells.

·        Second Messenger systems

·        Direct gene activation

11.   Identify the kinds of hormones that use cyclic AMP for a “second messenger.”  List the hormones in those groups.

12.   List and describe the kinds of effects that hormones have on target cells.

13.   List and describe the major control mechanisms for the production and secretion of hormones.

14.   Locate where the regulating factors involved in negative feedback systems are produced.

15.   Explain how the hypothalamic releasing factors reach the adenohypophysis.

16.   Some hormones are regulated by hormones from the pituitary gland.  Identify these hormones.

17.   List the endocrine glands; give the location of each, the hormones produced by each gland and the function of each hormone.

18.   Give the antagonistic hormones that regulate blood calcium levels, where they are produced and specifically what they do.

19.   Identify the endocrine glands that are considered “double” glands because they consist of endocrine tissues having different embryological origins and are located within one capsule.

20.   Identify the hormones that have anti-inflammatory effects.

21.   Identify the hormones that mimic the effect of the Sympathetic division of the ANS.

22.   Describe insulin and glucagon in regard to:

·        Effect on blood glucose levels

·        Special location where they are produced

·        Type of hormone

·        Stimulus for release

23.   List the major endocrine disorders and the glands involved.

24.   Compare and contrast diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus at to

·        Etiology (Cause)

·        Major symptoms

·        Hormones involved

·        Deficiency or over production

 TOPIC 2 BLOOD

After studying the material in this lecture the student should be able to:

1.      List the constituents of blood.

2.      Give the major groups of formed elements in the blood and their relative prevalence

3.      Give the characteristics of erythrocytes.

4.      Give the roles of hemoglobin in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

5.      Describe the functions of the protein and iron portions of the hemoglobin molecule.

6.      Give the normal hemoglobin values.

7.      List the different kinds of leukocytes and give the function of each.

8.      Define and describe where the following processes occur.

·        Hemopoiesis

·        Erythropoiesis

·        Leukopoiesis

9.      Describe an erythrocyte.

10.   Describe how deficient oxygen levels stimulate the production of erythrocytes and what organs and hormones are involved.

11.   Give blood types, explain the basis of blood typing and describe how blood is typed in the laboratory.

12.   Give the normal values for

·      RBC Count (adult males, adult females, infants)

·        Hemoglobin (adult males, adult females, infants)

·      WBC Count

13.   Define hematocrit and describe what the hematocrit represents.

14.   Give the normal values for a hematocrit and explain what abnormal values would indicate.

15.   Describe what stimulates an increase in erythrocyte production.

16.   Give the function of thrombocytes.

17.   Describe the difference between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of blood clotting and explain what triggers each one.

18.   Describe the basic event in the formation of a blood clot.

19.   List the essential factors for blood clotting including vitamins.

20.   Differentiate between a coagulant and an anticoagulant.

21.   List the functions of lymphocytes.

22.   List the conditions, which elevate different types of leukocytes and give the type they elevate.

23.   List and characterize the five types of leukocytes.

24.   List the types of leukocytes that are phagocytic and give specifically what they do.

25.   Explain the difference between fixed and wandering macrophages and what cells develop into wandering macrophages.

26.   List the kinds of plasma proteins and describe their function.

27.   Describe blood typing.

28.   List the major blood diseases that we studied and give the characteristics of each especially:

·        Leukemia

·        Infectious mononucleosis

·        Anemia

·        Polycythemia

29.   Give the etiology (cause) of the following:

·        Aplastic anemia

·        Sickle cell anemia

·        Polycythemia

TOPIC 3 THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

After studying the material in this lecture the student should be able to:

1.      Describe the structure and distribution of lymphatic vessels.

2.      Differentiate lymphatic capillaries from blood capillaries.

3.      Describe the structure and function of lymph nodes.

4.      Trace the circulation of lymph through a lymph node.

5.      List the two major lymphatic ducts and give the parts of the body that they drain.

6.      List the lymphatic organs and give the general function of each.

7.      Know the location and system associated with the following lymphatic tissues:

·        Lingual tonsils

·        Palatine tonsils

·        Pharyngeal tonsils

·        Peyer’s patches

8.      Explain why the thymus is a vital organ during fetal development.

9.      List the functions of the spleen.

TOPIC 4 NONSPECIFIC RESISTANCE AND IMMUNITY

After studying the material in this lecture the student should be able to:

1.      Differentiate between nonspecific resistance and specific resistance.

2.      Define the following terms:

·        Susceptibility

·        Resistance

·        Immunity

·        Inflammation

·        Nonspecific resistance

·      Specific resistance

3.      Define and describe the process of phagocytosis.

4.      List the kinds of cells that are phagocytic.

5.      List the signs of inflammation and describe the causes of each.

6.      Give the functions of the inflammatory response.

7.      Define the following terms.

·        Chemotaxis

·        Margination

·        Diapedesis

·        Opsonization

·        Cytolysis

·        Vasodilatation

8.      Define fever.

9.      Describe the complement cascade and explain its function.

10.   Explain what is meant by complement fixation.

11.   Identify interferon and explain its function.

12.   Define:

·      Antigen

·        Antibody

·      Hapten

·        Multivalent

13.   Give the characteristics of antigens.

14.   List the different types of immunoglobulins, where they are produced, and their functions.

15.   Differentiate between humoral immunity (B cell) and cell-mediated immunity (T cell).

16.   Give the functions of B-lymphocytes.

17.   Give the functions of T-lymphocytes and describe where these cells mature.

18.   List the types of T cells.

19.   Describe how B cells responds to the initial antigen challenge.

20.   Explain the difference between the primary immune response and the anamnestic (secondary) immune response and generally what causes each.

21.   Describe the role of natural killer cells.

22.   Define immunodeficiencies and give examples.

23.   Define hypersensitivity and describe how it is produced and list examples of each type.

24.   Define autoimmune disease and give examples.

25.   List the possible causes of autoimmune disorders.