BIO 211 STUDY GUIDE FOR EXAMINATION IV
After studying the material in under these topics the student should be able to:
TOPIC 9 METABOLISM
1. Define the following terms and give an examples of each:
· Metabolism
· Anabolism
· Catabolism
2. Describe what occurs in oxidation-reduction reactions.
3. Define enzymes and explain what they do.
4. Define cellular respiration
5. Define and describe each of the following:
· Glycolysis
· Krebs cycle
· Electron transport chain
6. Define and identify the following:
· Hydrolysis
· Gluconeogenesis
· Glycogenolysis
· Glycolysis
· Glycogenesis
7. Explain what occurs in the following cellular processes:
8. · Glycolysis
9. · Krebs cycle
10. · Electron transport chain
11. Identify where in a cell the following occur and classify each process as aerobic or anaerobic:
· Glycolysis
· Krebs cycle
· Electron transport chain
12. Describe what must occur for the complete oxidation of glucose.
13. Describe how pyurvic acid enters the Krebs cycle.
14. Describe what happens to pyruvic acid in the absence of oxygen.
15. Describe what occurs in the Krebs cycle.
16. Identify a cytochrome.
17. Identify the immediate source of energy for activity in a cell.
18. Give the amount ATP formed in the cell: (Where is the majority formed?)
· During glycolysis
· During the Krebs cycle reactions
· In the electron transport system
19. Indicate whether ATP is made directly or indirectly through the following processes:
· Glycolysis
· Krebs cycle
· Electron transport chain
20. List all of the final breakdown products from the catabolism (not digestion) of
· Carbohydrates
· Lipids
· Proteins.
21. Compare and contrast the absorptive state with the postabsorptive state.
22. Know what causes the production of body heat.
23. Know the location of the heat regulating centers in the brain.
24. Know how the body maintains a constant body temperature near 37 degrees C.
TOPIC 10 NUTRITION
1. Define nutrition.
2. Define:
· Nutrient
· Major nutrient
· Essential nutrient
3. List the sources and uses in the body of the following kinds of nutrients:
· Carbohydrates
· Lipids
· Proteins
4. Some nutrients are described as "essential". Explain what is meant by essential and list the nutrients
described by this term.
5. Define vitamin and give its overall functions.
6. List the water-soluble vitamins.
7. List the fat-soluble vitamins.
8. Define mineral and give the overall function.
9. Differentiate between a vitamin and a mineral.
1. List the functions of the urinary system.
2. List the layers of tissue that surround the kidney from the outermost layer to the innermost layer.
3. Identify the functional unit of the kidney.
4. List the parts of the nephron and give the specific function of each part.
5. Explain the role of the nephrons in helping monitor the carbon dioxide-oxygen ratio in the blood.
6. Describe in detail the parts of a nephron. Give the function of each part.
7. Identify the pressures, which are involved in filtration of blood in the glomerulus. Indicate which one is
the most important.
8. Define effective filtration pressure.
9. Explain what determines the effective filtration pressure in the glomerulus.
10. Describe the countercurrent multiplier mechanism and give its significance.
11. List the normal filtrate components.
12. List the more common abnormal filtrate components and give their significance.
13. List the processes necessary for urine formation.
14. Give the functions of tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion.
15. Give the location of most of the water reabsorption in the nephron.
16. Describe the mechanism by which sodium ions are reabsorbed.
17. Describe the major mechanism for controlling water content in the blood.
18. Describe how reabsorption is accomplished.
19. Identify role of facultative reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule in controlling water content in the
blood.
20. List the kinds of problems that can cause retention of urine.
21. Give the function of transitional epithelium.
22. List the components of the urinary system and give the function of each.
23. Explain why the urinary bladder is able to inflate and deflate.
24. Trace the route by which urine is excreted from the body.
25. Define micturition and explain how it is controlled.
26. List the normal and abnormal components of urine.
27. Describe how casts are formed in the urinary tract.
28. Define urinary calculi and give the general causes.
TOPIC 12 FLUID-ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE BALANCE
1. List the compartment of body fluids and describe how they are separated.
2. Describe how water moves in and out of body compartments.
3. List the most important constituents of all body fluids.
4. Give the primary source of water in the body fluids.
5. Describe how fluid intake is regulated.
6. Describe how fluid intake is regulated.
7. Describe the difference between plasma and interstitial fluid.
8. Describe the role of hydrostatic pressures and osmotic pressures in the movement of fluid between
compartments.
9. Describe the regulation of fluid intake.
10. Explain how thirst is inhibited.
11. List the most important ions in
· The extracellular compartments
· The intracellular compartments
12. Explain what causes the colloidal osmotic pressure of blood.
13. Describe the role of aldosterone and ADH in the regulation of Na+ and water balance in the body.
14. Explain why electrolytes exert a far greater effect on osmosis than nonelectrolytes.
15. Define a buffer system and explain what it does.
16. List the most important buffer systems and their locations. Identify the most abundant buffer system in
body cells and plasma.
17. Explain by referring to the equation below how an increase in the CO2 concentration in body fluids will
lower the pH.
· CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-
18. Explain how the overall acid-base balance in the body is maintained.
19. Give the cause of
· Respiratory acidosis
· Respiratory alkalosis
· Metabolic acidosis
· Metabolic alkalosis
20. Give the main physiological effects of acidosis and of alkalosis.
21. Know the principal indicators of acidosis and of alkalosis.