BIO 211 STUDY GUIDE FOR EXAMINATION III

TOPIC 7 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM                 

After studying the material in this lecture the student should be able to:

1.    Define the following terms:

·    Pulmonary ventilation

·    Inspiration

·    Expiration

·    External respiration

·    Internal respiration

·    Cellular respiration

2.      List the parts of the respiratory tract, give the function of each and describe their relationships to one

        another.

3.     Give the location and function of the eustachian tubes.

4.     List the laryngeal cartilages.

5.     Identify the structure that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing.

6.     Describe the location and function of the pleural membranes.

7.     List the kinds of epithelium that line the various parts of the respiratory tract.

8.     Describe the function of ciliated mucous lining in the respiratory tract.

9.     Explain why alveoli are the functional units of the respiratory system.

10.   Describe the structure of the alveolar walls.

11.   Give the location and function of septal cells.

12.   Trace air from the exterior of the body to the alveoli.

13.   Describe the events that must occur in order to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2.

14.   List the sequence of events that describes inspiration and expiration.

15.   Describe the relationship between intrapleural pressure and intrapulmonary pressure.

16.   Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs.

17.   Explain why oxygen diffuses from the air sacs into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood

        into the air sacs.

18.   List and describe the pulmonary volumes and capacities.  Explain what is meant by anatomic dead

        space.

19.   Identify the kind of cell that produces surfactant and explain what this substance does.

20.   Explain how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs.

21.   Give the purpose and outcome of cellular respiration.

22.   List the most important factors that affect respiration.

23.   List the ways that oxygen is carried in the blood and the approximate percentage carried by each

        method.

24.   Explain why an increased carbon dioxide concentration has about the same effect as an increased

        hydrogen ion concentration on the binding of oxygen molecules to hemoglobin.

25.   Describe how oxygen is released by hemoglobin for use in body tissue.

26.   List the factors that control the release of oxygen by hemoglobin for use in the body tissues.

27.   List the three methods of carbon dioxide transport in the blood and the relative percentage carried by

        each method.

28.   Describe the effects of carbon monoxide poisoning and why this would occur.

29.   State Dalton’s law of partial pressures and make simple calculations using it.

28.   State and be able to apply Henry’s law.

29.   List the types of hypoxia and give the possible causes of each type.

30.   Explain why the erythrocyte count increases when an individual goes from a low to high altitude.

31.   Give the locations of the respiratory control centers.

32.   Identify the importance of nerve linkage between the respiratory centers and the respiratory muscles.

33.   Identify the Hering-Breuer reflex and explain what it does.

34.   Describe the effects of pCO2  and pO2 on respiration.

35.   Describe the effects of hyperventilation and hypoventilation.

TOPIC 8 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

After studying the material in this lecture the student should be able to:

1.      List the organs that constitute the digestive system.

2.      List the histological layers of the gastrointestinal tract and give the major modifications of each layer.

3.      Describe the location and structure of the esophagus.

4.      Give the parts of the stomach.

5.      List the layers of the stomach wall.  Be able to identify the lamina propria.

6.      Give the function of the following kinds of cells:

        ·    zymogenic cells

        ·    parietal cells

        ·    mucous neck cells

        ·    enteroendocrine cells

7.      Give the function of hydrochloric acid (HCl).

8.      Give the function of the following enzymes:

        ·    Lipase

        ·    Amylase

        ·    trypsin

9.     List the adaptations of the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption.

10.   List the structures associated with the large intestine.

11.   Identify the following ducts and associated structures.

  ·    Common bile duct

  ·    Duct of Wirsung

  ·    Ampulla of Vater

  ·    Duct of Santorini

12.   Describe the structure and organization of the liver.

13.   List the functions of the liver.

14.   Describe the blood supply, circulation and drainage of the liver and explain how the liver is drained.

15.   Know which vessel brings most of the blood to the liver.

16.   Give the function of the von Kupffer cells of the liver.

17.   Explain how the liver destroys worn-out red and white blood cells.

18.   Give the function of the gallbladder and describe its location.

19.   Trace the flow of bile in the biliary tree.

20.   Describe what kinds of substances that are produced by the pancreas.

21.   Identify the contents of pancreatic juice and give the stimulus for secretion.

22.   Describe the flow of pancreatic juice to the duodenum giving the vessels involved.

23.   Identify the hormone that causes the pancreas to secrete bicarbonate rich juice.

24.   Give the functions of cholecystokinin.

25.   Explain how pancreatic, liver, and intestinal secretions are controlled.

26.   List the parts of the small intestine that secretes the intestinal digestive enzymes.

27.   List the modification in the small intestine that increases the surface area for absorption of nutrients.

28.   Give the functions of the following parts of the small intestine:

        ·        Crypts of Lieberkuhn (intestinal crypts)

        ·        Brunner's glands

        ·        Lacteals

        ·        Microvilli

29.   Give the function of saliva and describe how the secretion of saliva is stimulated.

30.   Give the nature and function of the following secretions:

        ·        Pancreatic juice

        ·        Bile

        ·        Intestinal juice

        ·        Gastric juice

31.   Give the location(s)of the following types of digestion:

        ·        Initial carbohydrate digestion

        ·        Hydrolysis of protein molecules

        ·        Initial digestion of lipids

        ·        Hydrolysis of disaccharides to monosaccharides

        ·        Small polypeptides and dipeptides are hydrolyzed to free amino acids

32.   Give the function of enterokinase and locate its site of production.

33.   Give the mode of absorption for the following nutrients:

        ·        Glucose

        ·        Lactose

        ·        Amino acids

        ·        Fatty acids and glycerol

34.   List the enzymes that act on carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

35.   Identify the substance to which the transport of glucose in the intestine appears to be linked.

36.   Identify the following structures:

        ·        Tania coli

        ·        Villa

        ·        Rugae

        ·        Haustrae

37.   List the parts of the small and large intestines.

38.   Describe what happens in the digestive process.

39.   Identify the enzymes that act on:

        ·        Carbohydrates

        ·        Lipids

        ·        Proteins

40.   Describe where the digestion of carbohydrates, fats and proteins takes place.

41.   Identify the source and function of intrinsic factor.