Study Guide for Exam 2 

Chapter 24 

1. What are the four evolutionary events that mark the evolution of plants?
2. Understand the alternation of generations life-cycle.
3. What are some adaptations plants have to live in a terrestrial environment?
4. Know the moss, fern, pine and flowering plant life-cycles.
5. Define antheridia, archegonia, monocot, dicot, sporophyte, and gametophyte.
6. Know the parts of a flower.
7. Be familiar with the different types of flowers (Complete, Incomplete, etc.)
8. What features do all seed plants have in common?

 Chapter 25

1. Know and be able to discuss the three vegetative organs of a plant.
2. Know the five differences between monocots and eudicots.
3. Be familiar with the three tissue layers of plants.
4. Contrast the structure and function of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells.
5. Contrast the structure and function of xylem and phloem.
6. Name the zones of a root tip.
7. Be able to trace the path of water from roots to the leaves.  Know Casparian Strip.
8. Describe the location of vascular tissues in a herbaceous stem.
9. Describe the cross sections of a herbaceous eudicot, a monocot, and a woody stem.
10. What makes the wood of a woody plant?
11. Know the different types of stems in Figure 25.17.
12. Describe the structure and organization of a typical eudicot leaf.

 Chapter 26

1. What are essential nutrients?\
2. How do minerals cross the plasma membrane?
3. Know the cell types that make up xylem and phloem.
4. Know the cohesion-tension model of water transport.
5. Describe the structure of stomata and how they open and close.
6. Know the pressure-flow model of phloem transport.

  Chapter 27

1. Know phototropism, gravitropism, thigmotropism and how hormones are involved.
2. What are nastic movements, circadian rhythm and biological clock.
3. What is the function of the plant hormones auxin, gibberelin and cytokinins.
4. What are the primary effects of abscistic acid (ABA) and ethylene?
5. Define photoperiodism.
6. Know what short-day plants, long-day plants, and day-neutral plants are and to what environmental factors they respond.
7. What is the effect of a flash of light during the dark period for a short-day and long-day plant?
8. What is the phytochrome conversion cycle and what are some possible functions of phytochrome in plants?
9. What is a receptor-transduction-response pathway and provide an example of such a pathway.

 Chapter 28

1. Describe the development of a male gametophyte from the megasporophyte to the production of sperm.
2. Describe the development of a female gametophyte from the megasporophyte to the production of an egg.
3. What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?
4. What is produced from double fertilization?
5. Define epicotyl, hypocotyls, radicle, and cotyledon.
6. Know the difference between simple and compound fruits and between fleshy and dry fruits.
7. What are the environmental requirements for seed germination?
8. Discuss the role of dormancy in seed germination.
9. How do plants naturally reproduce asexually?
10. What is tissue culture?
11. List 4 methods by which plants can be grown in tissue culture. (meristem culture, somatic embryos derived from protoplasts, haploid embryos from pollen grains by culture of mature anthers,  cell suspension culture)
12. What are transgenic plants?
13. List 4 methods of introducing foreign DNA into plant cells. (electroporation of protoplasts, infection with bacteria carrying a plasmid, particle gun, infection with an engineered plant virus)
14. List some improved agricultural and food quality traits that have been introduced into transgenic crops.
15. List some medical uses for transgenic plants.
16. What would be some negative aspects to the production of transgenic crops?