BIO2107

I.Divisions of the Skeletal System

A. 206 bones in the human body

B. Axial skeleton

1. main axis of body

a.skull

(1).cranial bones form craniu to protect brain

(2) facial bones

b.bony thorax

(1).protects organs of chest

C. classification of bones by shape

1.long

a.mostly compact

b.length greater than width

c.all limb bones except in wrist and ankle

2.short

a.cubelike

b.mostly spongy

c.sesamoid

(1)short bone in tendon

(2)patella

3.flat

a.thin,curved

b.ribs, skull

c.compact bone on outside

d.spongy bone sandwiched between

4.irregular

a.fit no other category

b.hip bones, some skull, vertebrae

A.Skull

1.cranial bones

a.frontal 1

b.parietal 2

c.occipital 1

d.temporal 2

e.sphenoid 1

(1)keystone of the cranium where all bones meet

f.ethmoid 1

g.ear ossicles 3 smallest

2.sutures

a.immovable interlocking joints to connect skull

(1)wormian bones

b.names

(1)coronal P/F

(2)sagittal P/P

(3)squamous P/T

(4)lambdoidal P/O

3.sinuses

a.function

(1) lighten skull

(2) sound resonance

(3)warms inhaled air

b.names

(1)frontal

(2)ethmoid

(3)sphenoid

(4)maxillary

c.Cranial landmark

(1)foramen magnum occipital

(2)carotid canal temporal

(3)external auditory temporal

meatus

(4)styloid process temporal

(5)mastoid process temporal

(6)zygomatic process temporal

(7)sella turcica sphenoid

4.facial bones

a.names

(1)maxillae

(a)2 fused

(b)articulate with all other facial

(2)zygoma

(3)mandible

(4)vomer

(5)nasal

(6)lacrimal

(7)palatine

b.landmarks

(1)alveoli in the maxillae,mandible

(a)teeth sockets

(2)infraorbital foramen in maxillae

(a)nerve to skin

(3)mandibular foramen

(a)nerve to teeth

(4)lacrimal fossa

(a)lacrimal sac for tear drainage

c.hyoid bone

(1)does not articulate with other bones

(2)tongue, larynx

B.Bony Thorax

1.Sternum

a.manubrium

b.body

c.xiphoid process

2.Ribs

a.true

b.false

c.floating

C.vertebral column

1.irregular bones = vertebrae

2.ligaments and trunk muscles to keep upright

3.intervertebral discs

a.cushion-like pad

b.nucleus pulposus

(1)inner semifluid

c.annulus fibrosus

(1) fibrocartilage on outside

4.herniated or slipped disc

a.rupture of annulus fibrosus

5.Divisions

a.cerival C1-C7

(1)C1

(a)atlas

(b)no body, no spinous process

(c)joint gives yes movement of head

(2)C2

(a)axis

(b)dens

(c)has a superior process

(d)gives rotation (no)

(e)C7 has large spinous process

b.thoracic T1-T12

c.lumbar L1-L5

d.sacrum

(1)articulates with pelvis

(2)five fused

e.coccyx

(1)four fused

(2)terminal bone

6.curvatures

a.primary

(1)thoracic curve

(2)sacral curve

b.secondary

(1)cervical curve

(2)lumbar curve

7.vertebrae

a.body

b.vertebral arch

(1)pedicle

(2)lamina

c.vertebral foramen

d.processes

(1)spinous

(2)transverse

e.thoracic has largest spinous processes

(1)have rib facets

f.lumbar has largest body

g.sacrum strengthen and stabilizes vertebrae

II.Appendicular skeleton

A.Pectoral Girdle (shoulder)

1.clavicle

a.collarbone

b.sternal end to manubrium

c.acromial end to acromion of scapula

d.sternoclavicular joint

(1)sternum and clavicle

(2)free moving

2.scapula

a.shoulder blade

b.glenoid cavity or fossa

(1)to articulate with humerus

(2)shoulder joint

c.acromion

(1)acromioclavicular joint

(a)articulates with clavicle

d.coracoid process

(1)anchors biceps brachaii

B.Arm

1.humerus

a.long bone

b.head

(1)proximal

(2)to glenoid cavity of scapula

c.greater and lesser tubercles

d.capitulum

(1)articulates with radius

e.trochela

(1)articulates with ulna

2.radius

a.distally with wrist

3.ulna

a.longer

b.elbow joint

(1)olecranon process

C.hand

1.carpals

a.8 short bones

(1)scaphoid - lunate

(a)wrist joint

(2)triquetral

(3)pisiform

(4)trapezium

(5)capitate

(6)hamate

2. metacarpals

a.#1-5

(1)palm

3.phalanges

a.fingers

b.distal,medial,proximal

c.thumb- no medial

D.Pelvic girdle

1.coxal bones (hip)

a.os coxae

b. ilium

c.ischium

d.pubis

2.acetabulum

a.socket for head of femur

3.pubic symphysis

a.where 2 pubic bones join in front with cartilage

4.obturator foramen

a.opening for vessels, nerves to pass to legs

E.Legs

1.Femur

a.largest, longest bone in body

b.greater and lesser trochanter

2.patella

a.kneecap

b.sesamoid bone

3.tibia

a.larger leg bone

b.weight bearing

4.fibula

a.tibiofibular join

(1)no movement between the 2 bones

(2)gives greater strength than tibia alone

5.tibia + femur = knee joint

6.malleolus

a.ankle

b.medial- tibia

c.lateral - fibula

F.foot

1.tarsals

a.7 tarsal bones

b.talus

c.calcaneous

d.cuboid

e.navicular

f.cuneiform

(1)medial

(2)intermediate

(3)lateral

2.metatarsals

3.phalanges

a.big toe

(1)only 2

4.arches

a.2 longitudinal

b.1 transverse

c.ligaments and tendons to maintain foot shape

d.important in balance

e.longitudinal distribute weight of body

III.Developmental

A.fontanels

1.fibrous membrane not yet ossified

2.aids in delivery and brain growth

3.soft spots

4.largest between frontal and parietal bones

a.anterior fontanel