BIO2107&08 SKELETON
I.Divisions of the Skeletal System
A. 206
bones in the human body
B. Axial
skeleton
1.
main axis of body
a.skull
(1).cranial
bones form craniu to protect brain
(2) facial bones
b. hyoid bone
c.bony thorax
(1).protects
organs of chest
(2)
vertebral column; sternum; ribs
C. classification of bones by shape
1.long
a.mostly compact
b.length greater than width
c.all limb bones except in wrist and ankle
2.short
a.cubelike
b.mostly spongy
c.sesamoid
(1)short
bone in tendon
(2)patella
3.flat
a.thin,curved
b.ribs, skull
c.compact bone on outside
d.spongy bone sandwiched between
4.irregular
a.fit no other category
b.hip bones, some skull, vertebrae
C. Surface
markings
1. external bone surface
a. site of attachment
muscles
through tendons, ligaments, joints
b. where blood vessels, nerves enter
tuberosity
trochanter
tubercle
condyle
meatus
sinus
fossa
fissure
foramen
II.
Bones of the Axial Skeleton
A.Skull
1.cranial bones
a.frontal
1
b.parietal
2
c.occipital
1
d.temporal
2
e.sphenoid
1
(1)keystone of the cranium
where all bones meet
f.ethmoid 1
g.ear
ossicles 3 smallest
2.sutures
a.immovable
interlocking joints to connect skull
(1)wormian bones
b.names
(1)coronal P/F
(2)sagittal P/P
(3)squamous P/T
(4)lambdoidal P/O
3.sinuses
a.function
(1) lighten skull
(2) sound resonance
(3)warms inhaled air
b.names
(1)frontal
(2)ethmoid
(3)sphenoid
(4)maxillary
c.Cranial landmark
(1)foramen magnum occipital
(2)carotid canal temporal
(3)external auditory temporal
meatus
(4)styloid process temporal
(5)mastoid process temporal
(6)zygomatic process temporal
(7)sella turcica sphenoid
4.facial bones
a.names
(1)maxillae
(a)2 fused
(b)articulate with all
other facial
(2)zygoma
(3)mandible
(4)vomer
(5)nasal
(6)lacrimal
(7)palatine
b.landmarks
(1)alveoli in the
maxillae,mandible
(a)teeth sockets
(2)infraorbital foramen
in maxillae
(a)nerve to skin
(3)mandibular foramen
(a)nerve to teeth
(4)lacrimal fossa
(a)lacrimal sac for
tear drainage
5.
Fontanels
a.
soft spots on newborns skull
b.
birth and brain development
c.
intramembranous ossification
d.
largest- anterior, posterior, anteriolateral,
posteriolateral
B..hyoid bone
1.does
not articulate with other bones
a.
attachment for tongue, larynx
C.vertebral column
1.irregular bones =
vertebrae
2.ligaments and trunk
muscles to keep upright
3.intervertebral discs
a.cushion-like
pad
b.nucleus
pulposus
(1)inner semifluid
c.annulus fibrosus
fibrocartilage
on outside
4.herniated or slipped
disc
a.rupture
of annulus fibrosus
5.Divisions
a.cerival
C1-C7
(1)C1
(a)atlas
(b)no body, no spinous
process
(c)joint gives yes
movement of head
(2)C2
(a)axis
(b)dens
(c)has a superior
process
(d)gives rotation (no)
(e)C7 has large spinous
process
b.thoracic T1-T12
c.lumbar L1-L5
d.sacrum
(1)articulates with pelvis
(2)five fused
e.coccyx
(1)four fused
(2)terminal bone
6.curvatures
a.primary
(1)thoracic curve
(2)sacral curve
b.secondary
(1)cervical curve
(2)lumbar curve
7.vertebrae
a.body
b.vertebral
arch
(1)pedicle
(2)lamina
c.vertebral foramen
d.processes
(1)spinous
(2)transverse
e.thoracic has largest
spinous processes
(1)have rib facets
f.lumbar has largest body
g.sacrum
strengthen and stabilizes vertebrae
D.Sternum
1.manubrium
2.body
3.xiphoid
process
E.Ribs – 12 pair
a.true
b.false
c.floating
III. Chapter 8 - Appendicular skeleton
A.Pectoral
Girdle (shoulder)
1.clavicle
a.collarbone
b.sternal
end to manubrium
c.acromial
end to acromion of scapula
d.sternoclavicular
joint
(1)sternum and clavicle
(2)free moving
2.scapula
a.shoulder
blade
b.glenoid
cavity or fossa
(1)to articulate with
humerus
(2)shoulder joint
c.acromion
(1)acromioclavicular joint
(a)articulates with
clavicle
d.coracoid process
(1)anchors biceps brachaii
B.Arm
1.humerus
a.long
bone
b.head
(1)proximal
(2)to glenoid cavity of
scapula
c.greater and lesser
tubercles
d.capitulum
(1)articulates with radius
e.trochela
(1)articulates with ulna
2.radius
a.distally
with wrist
3.ulna
a.longer
b.elbow
joint
(1)olecranon process
C.hand
1.carpals
a.8
short bones
(1)scaphoid - lunate
(a)wrist joint
(2)triquetral
(3)pisiform
(4)trapezium
(5)capitate
(6)hamate
2. metacarpals
a.#1-5
(1)palm
3.phalanges
a.fingers
b.distal,medial,proximal
c.thumb-
no medial
D.Pelvic girdle
1.coxal bones (hip)
a.os
coxae
b.ilium
c.ischium
d.pubis
2.