PRACTICE TEST ONE
 

1. In the ______ the law defines crime as an agreement that exists among society upon what behavior should be outlawed. Laws apply to all citizens equally.
A. Consensus View
B. Conflict View 
C. Interationist View

2. _________ can be defined as the scientific study of the nature, extent, cause,  and control of criminal behavior.
A. Criminology
B. Victimology
C. Social science

3. In traditional research, questions have created a body of knowledge that has largely been focused upon the criminal;  ________ reverses this.
A. criminologists
B. victimologists
C. interactionists

4. The ____________ holds that what is most likely to determine if someone is victimized is where they live, not how they live.
A. criminal place hypothesis
B. proximity hypothesis
C. opportunity hypothesis

5. In victimology, _____________ occurs when the victim generates negative feelings within the offender, that are in turn directed back at the victim in the form of criminal behavior. 
A. Target Vulnerability
B.  Target Antagonism
C.  Target Gratifiability

6. In the ______  perspective crime is considered to be the result of ecological forces. 
A. structural 
B. conflict
C. classical

7. In the ______ perspective, crime is a function of upbringing, learning, and other social experiences.
A. classical choice
B. conflict 
C. process

8. ___________  are those measurable costs directly associated with crime.
A. repercussions of crime
B. direct costs
C. empirical costs

9. _________ study how societies evolve and the forces in society that shape human values, norms, groups, and social institutions.
A. Cultural Anthropologists
B. Sociologists
C. Political Scientists

10. In _________, emphasis is placed on the behavioral patterns of the victim rather than the offender. 
A. penology
B. conflict analysis
C. victimology

11. __________  is a discipline which studies the agencies of social control that respond to criminal offenders.
A. Political science
B. Economics
C. Criminal justice

12. _______   scholars attempt to describe, analyze, and explain the behavior of the agencies of justice and identify effective methods of crime control.
A. Political science
B. Economics
C. Criminal justice

13. In _________ the victim exhibits some characteristic that unknowingly either threatens or encourages the attacker.
A. active precipitation
B. passive precipitation
C. non-precipitation

14. Criminologists use ________ to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior. 
A. philosophical
B. scientific methods 
C. logic

15. The _____ perspective attributes crime to economic and political forces. 
A. structural 
B. conflict
C. classical

16. In victimology, _______ refers to the victim having attractive  characteristics or possessions for the offender.
A. Target Vulnerability
B.  Target Antagonism
C.  Target Gratifiability

17.  In the ______ perspective, crime is viewed as a function of competition for  limited resources and power. A. structural 
B. conflict
C. classical

18. The ____________ holds that the characteristics of criminals and victims are similar because the two groups are the same in some significant way.
A. equivalent group hypothesis
B. deviant group hypothesis
C. victim-offender correlation hypothesis

19. In the many forms of the _______ perspective, conflict brought about  through class competition produces crime.
A. structural 
B. conflict
C. classical

20. In the ______, the law is perceived as a tool of the ruling class.  
A. Consensus View
B. Conflict View 
C. Interactionist View

21. In the _________, moral entrepreneurs define crime.
A. Consensus View
B. Conflict View 
C. Interactionist View

22. ________ involves determining the origin of law measuring the forces that can change laws and society.
A. criminal statistics
B. sociology of law
C. theory construction

23. ________ is the study of the nature and cause of victimization and research in the aiding of crime victims.
A. criminal behavior systems
B. penology
C. victimology

24.  In the ______, the law is used to control the underclass. 
A. Consensus View
B. Conflict View 
C. Interactionist View